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Author |
Dreschel, N.A.; Granger, D.A. |
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Title |
Methods of collection for salivary cortisol measurement in dogs |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm. Behav. |
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Volume |
55 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
163-168 |
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Keywords |
Dog; Canine; Salivary cortisol; Methods; Measurement; Stress |
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Abstract |
Salivary cortisol has been increasingly used as a measure of stress response in studies of welfare, reaction to stress and human–animal interactions in dogs and other species. While it can be a very useful measure, there are a number of saliva collection issues made evident through studies in the human and animal fields which have not been investigated in the canine species. Collection materials and the volume of saliva that is collected; the use of salivary stimulants; and the effect of food contamination can all dramatically impact cortisol measurement, leading to spurious results. In order to further examine the limitations of the collection method and the effects of collection material and salivary stimulant on salivary cortisol levels, a series of clinical, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. It was found that there is a large amount of inter- and intra-individual variation in salivary cortisol measurement. Beef flavoring of collection materials leads to unpredictable variability in salivary cortisol concentration. Using salivary stimulants such as citric acid also has the potential to affect cortisol concentration measurement in saliva. Hydrocellulose appears to be a useful collection material for salivary cortisol determination. Recommendations for collection materials and use of salivary stimulants are presented. |
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0018-506x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5560 |
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Author |
Stahl, F.; Dorner, G. |
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Title |
Responses of salivary cortisol levels to stress-situations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Endokrinologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Endokrinologie |
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80 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
158-162 |
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Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/diagnostic use; Anxiety Disorders/metabolism; Circadian Rhythm; Cushing Syndrome/metabolism; Fear/physiology; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone/*metabolism; Male; Pain/metabolism; Pregnancy; Saliva/*metabolism; Stress/*metabolism |
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A procedure is described for determining salivary cortisol levels by a competitive protein-binding assay using horse transcortin. The collection of saliva was performed by means of filter paper-strips. Filter paper samples are more than 5 days stable after air-drying. In this form, the samples could be stored without refrigerator or deep-freezer and, if necessary, sent by post to the laboratory without any special precaution. Stressful situation of either painful or anxious origin were associated with an adequate increase of salivary cortisol levels. The increases were 157 to 230% of the initial or normal values dependent on the kind of stress. The mean values in 4 cases of Cushing's syndrome were 380% and 1 hour after 25 I.U. ACTH 690% higher than those in normal persons. In normal persons, a well-defined circadian rhythm has been observed. |
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0013-7251 |
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PMID:6297880 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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4056 |
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Alexander, F.; Nicholson, J.D. |
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The blood and saliva clearances of phenobarbitone and pentobarbitone in the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1968 |
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Biochemical pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochem Pharmacol |
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17 |
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2 |
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203-210 |
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Animals; Female; *Horses; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Pentobarbital/blood/*metabolism; Phenobarbital/blood/*metabolism; Protein Binding; *Saliva; Time Factors |
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0006-2952 |
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PMID:5647047 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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117 |
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Alexander, F.; Horner, M.W.; Moss, M.S. |
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Title |
The salivary secretion and clearance in the horse of chloral hydrate and its metabolites |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1967 |
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Biochemical pharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochem Pharmacol |
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16 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1305-1311 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Chloral Hydrate/blood/*metabolism/urine; Chromatography, Gas; Ethanol/blood/urine; Horses; Male; Parotid Gland/metabolism; Saliva/*analysis; Trichloroacetic Acid/blood/urine |
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0006-2952 |
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PMID:6053598 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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118 |
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Skandakumar, S.; Stodulski, G.; Hau, J. |
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Title |
Salivary IgA: a Possible Stress Marker In Dogs |
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Abstract |
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1995 |
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Animal Welfare |
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4 |
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4 |
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339-350 |
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Animal Welfare; Behaviour; Cortisol; Dog; Salivary Iga (S-Iga); Stress; Well-Being |
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Stress in humans has been reported to be associated with a decrease in the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels enabling the possible use of s-IgA to assess stress. Prolonged stress, if reliably assessed in a non-invasive manner, may be used to assess animal welfare. This study analysed groups of dogs undergoing physical and temperamental training and s-IgA levels were measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in prospective samples. Behavioural assessment was carried out and cortisol levels in saliva were measured by ELISA. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.007) between the logarithmic cortisol concentrations and s-IgA levels in saliva was recorded. The behavioural assessment of the dogs agreed well with the biochemical markers. It is concluded that IgA levels in saliva may be a useful marker of dog well-being and that stress results in decreased s-IgA levels. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5964 |
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Jafarzadeh A.; Sadeghi M.; Karam G.A.; Vazirinejad R. |
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Title |
Salivary IgA and IgE levels in healthy subjects: relation to age and gender |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Braz. oral res. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Braz. Oral Res. |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-27 |
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Keywords |
Saliva; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin E; Adult; Child |
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Abstract |
It has been reported that the immune system undergoes age and gender changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the age- and gender-dependent changes of salivary IgA and IgE levels among healthy subjects. A total of 203 healthy individuals (aged 1-70 years) were enrolled in the study. Two milliliters of saliva were collected from all participants, and salivary IgA and IgE levels were measured by the ELISA technique. Mean salivary IgA levels were significantly higher in subjects aged 11-20 years as compared to subjects aged 1-10 years (P < 0.01). Mean salivary IgA levels increased with age up to the age of 60 years, and then slightly decreased in subjects aged 61-70 years. The frequency of subjects with detectable levels of salivary IgE and mean salivary IgE levels gradually increased with age, with maximum levels being observed in the 31-40 years age group and not changing significantly thereafter. The mean levels of salivary IgA and IgE in adults were significantly higher than those observed in children (P < 0.00001 and P < 0.05, respectively). No significant differences were observed between men and women regarding both salivary immunoglobulins. These results showed age-dependent changes of the salivary IgA and IgE levels. Gender had no effect on the salivary levels of IgA and IgE. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6126 |
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