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Author |
Griffin, A.S. |
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Title |
Socially acquired predator avoidance: Is it just classical conditioning? |
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2008 |
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Brain Research Bulletin |
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Special Issue:Brain Mechanisms, Cognition and Behaviour in Birds |
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76 |
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3 |
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264-271 |
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Learning; Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning; Social learning; Ecological specialization; General process theory; Ecology; Predation; Backward conditioning |
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Associative learning theories presume the existence of a general purpose learning process, the structure of which does not mirror the demands of any particular learning problem. In contrast, learning scientists working within an Evolutionary Biology tradition believe that learning processes have been shaped by ecological demands. One potential means of exploring how ecology may have modified properties of acquisition is to use associative learning theory as a framework within which to analyse a particular learning phenomenon. Recent work has used this approach to examine whether socially transmitted predator avoidance can be conceptualised as a classical conditioning process in which a novel predator stimulus acts as a conditioned stimulus (CS) and acquires control over an avoidance response after it has become associated with alarm signals of social companions, the unconditioned stimulus (US). I review here a series of studies examining the effect of CS/US presentation timing on the likelihood of acquisition. Results suggest that socially acquired predator avoidance may be less sensitive to forward relationships than traditional classical conditioning paradigms. I make the case that socially acquired predator avoidance is an exciting novel one-trial learning paradigm that could be studied along side fear conditioning. Comparisons between social and non-social learning of danger at both the behavioural and neural level may yield a better understanding of how ecology might shape properties and mechanisms of learning. |
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0361-9230 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4697 |
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Author |
Sato, S.; Sako, S.; Maeda, A. |
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Title |
Social licking patterns in cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>): influence of environmental and social factors |
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Year |
1991 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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32 |
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1 |
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3-12 |
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To investigate the functions of social licking in cattle, four calves (one heifer and one steer in each of two herds), known to exhibit frequent social licking were observed continuously for 2 h before sunset for 13 days, using the focal animal sampling method. Calves were observed under various environmental conditions. Social licking significantly decreased on rainy days and tended to increase in a dirty barn and when food was restricted. Solicitation for social licking occurred not only from dominant animals of pairs but also from subordinates. Of the licking interactions, 31% occurred following solicitation, and these accounted for 39% of the total time spent licking. Following solicitation, 78% of social licking was oriented to the head and the neck regions that were inaccessible to self-licking animals. Unsolicited licking, however, was oriented not only to the head and the neck but also to the back and the rump regions, and these two latter regions were the major ones to receive licking. The effect of social relationships on social licking was investigated using least-squares analysis of variance. Social factors investigated were the difference of dominance values, the dominance-subordinance relationship, and kinship and familiarity; the sex of calves involved was also considered. Only familiarity had a significant effect on licking; exchanges of social licking increased with length of cohabitation. We suggest that social licking may have a cleaning effect, a tension-reducing effect and a bonding effect. |
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Elsevier |
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0168-1591 |
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doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80158-3 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6409 |
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Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Further studies of the sea-finding mechanism in green turtle hatchlings |
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1974 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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51 |
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3-4 |
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195-208 |
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Animals; *Animals, Newborn/physiology; Contact Lenses; Locomotion; *Orientation; Retina/physiology; *Turtles/physiology; Visual Fields; *Visual Perception; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:4447586 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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389 |
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Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
Wavelength preferences and brightness cues in the water finding behaviour of sea turtles |
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1968 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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32 |
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4 |
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211-257 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Color Perception; Cues; Light; *Turtles; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:5717260 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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391 |
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Dow, M.; Ewing, A.W.; Sutherland, I. |
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Studies on the behaviour of cyprinodont fish. III. The temporal patterning of aggression in Aphyosemion striatum (Boulenger) |
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Journal Article |
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1976 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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59 |
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3-4 |
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252-268 |
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*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Dominance-Subordination; *Fishes; Humans; Individuality; *Killifishes; Male; Time Factors |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:1035107 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4151 |
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Bergmann, H.H.; Klaus, S.; Muller, F.; Wiesner, J. |
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[Individuality and type specificity in the songs of a population of hazel grouse (Bonasa bonasia bonasia L., Tetraoninae, Phasianidae)] |
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Journal Article |
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1975 |
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Behaviour |
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Behaviour |
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55 |
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1-2 |
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94-114 |
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Animals; *Birds; Female; *Individuality; Male; Time Factors; *Vocalization, Animal |
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German |
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Individualitat und Artspezifitat in den Gesangsstrophen einer Population des Haselhuhns (Bonasa bonasia bonasia L., Tetraoninae, Phasianidae) |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:1191217 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4152 |
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Jensen, G.D.; Gordon, B.N.; Wolfheim, J. |
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Title |
Nursing behavior in infant monkeys: a sequence analysis |
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Journal Article |
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1975 |
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Behaviour |
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Behaviour |
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55 |
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1-2 |
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115-127 |
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Animals; Dependency (Psychology); *Feeding Behavior; Female; *Macaca; Male; Sensory Deprivation; Social Behavior; Spatial Behavior |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:1191212 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4153 |
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Salzen, E.A.; Cornell, J.M. |
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Self-perception and species recognition in birds |
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Journal Article |
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1968 |
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Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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30 |
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1 |
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44-65 |
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Animals; Birds; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Generalization, Response; Imprinting (Psychology); *Perception; *Self Concept; Social Isolation; *Species Specificity; Water |
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0005-7959 |
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PMID:5644775 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4154 |
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Author |
Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W.M. |
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Title |
A likely ranking interpolation for resolving dominance orders in systems with unknown relationships |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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143 |
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7 |
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909-930 |
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DOMINANCE HIERARCHY; ALGORITH; SOCIAL AGONISTIC INTERACTIONS |
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Abstract |
n many animal systems agonistic interactions may be rare or not overt, particularly where such interactions are costly or of high risk as is common for large mammals. We present a technique developed specifically for resolving an optimized dominance order of individuals in systems with transitive (i.e. linear) dominance relationships, but where not all relationships are known. Our method augments the widely used I&SI method (de Vries, 1998) with an interpolation function for resolving the relative ranks of individuals with unknown relationships. Our method offers several advantages over other dominance methods by enabling the incorporation of any proportion of unknown relationships, resolving a unique solution to any dominance matrix, and calculating cardinal dominance strengths for each individual. As such, this method enables novel insight into difficult to study behavioural systems. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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438 |
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Author |
Hemelrijk,C. K.; Wantia,J.; Gygax,L. |
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Title |
The construction of dominance order: comparing performance of five methods using an individual-based model |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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142 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
1043-1064 |
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Keywords |
dominance order, ranking method, agent-based model, statistical method, aggression |
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Abstract |
In studies of animal behaviour investigators correlate dominance with all kinds of behavioural
variables, such as reproductive success and foraging success. Many methods are used to
produce a dominance hierarchy from a matrix reflecting the frequency of winning dominance
interactions. These different methods produce different hierarchies. However, it is difficult to
decide which ranking method is best. In this paper, we offer a new procedure for this decision:
we use an individual-based model, called DomWorld, as a test-environment. We choose this
model, because it provides access to both the internal dominance values of artificial agents
(which reflects their fighting power) and the matrix of winning and losing among them and,
in addition, because its behavioural rules are biologically inspired and its group-level patterns
resemble those of real primates. We compare statistically the dominance hierarchy based on
the internal dominance values of the artificial agents with the dominance hierarchy produced
by ranking individuals by (a) their total frequency of winning, (b) their average dominance
index, (c) a refined dominance index, the David`s score, (d) the number of subordinates each
individual has and (e) a ranking method based on maximizing the linear order of the hierarchy.
Because dominance hierarchies may differ depending on group size, type of society, and the
interval of study, we compare these ranking methods for these conditions.We study complete
samples as well as samples randomly chosen to resemble the limitations of observing real
animals. It appears that two methods of medium complexity (the average dominance index
and David`s score) lead to hierarchical orders that come closest to the hierarchy based on
internal dominance values of the agents. We advocate usage of the average dominance index,
because of its computational simplicity. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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445 |
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