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Author |
Beaver Bv, |
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Title |
Maternal behavior in mares |
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Year |
1981 |
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Vet Med Small Anim Clin |
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76 |
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315-317 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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924 |
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Author |
Partridge, B.L. |
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Title |
Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools |
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Year |
1981 |
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Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Physiol Sensory Neural Behav Physiol |
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Volume |
144 |
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3 |
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313-325 |
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Abstract |
The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:1.Saithe match changes in both swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously (Partridge et al. 1980) nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity.2.Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their first two nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish's neighbors demonstrates that a fish's correlation to his second nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2.3.Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except one, that of preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not “better schoolers” than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor positioning were found.4.Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) of the cross-correlations of fishs' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain more than 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction nonetheless remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of one group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered. |
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2063 |
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Author |
Berger J, |
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Title |
The role of risks in mammalian combat: Zebra and onager fights |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Z Tierpsychol 56 |
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297-304 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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936 |
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Author |
Prescott J, |
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Title |
Suckling behavior of Llama and Chapman's Zebra in captivity |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
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Appl Anim Ethol |
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7 |
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293-299 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1483 |
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Leblanc Ma, B.M. |
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Title |
Mise au point d`une épreuve destinée de la reconnaissance du jeune par la mère chez chaval |
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1981 |
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Biol Beh |
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6 |
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283-290 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1342 |
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Joynson, R. B. |
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Towards understanding relationships, by Robert A. Hinde. London: Academic, 1979, pp xii + 367 |
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Year |
1981 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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7 |
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3 |
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275-280 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4813 |
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Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L. |
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Title |
Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas |
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Year |
1981 |
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Developmental Psychobiology |
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Dev Psychobiol |
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14 |
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3 |
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251-265 |
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Animals; *Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/*growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning |
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In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior. |
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0012-1630 |
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PMID:7262467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4170 |
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Author |
Cambefort, J.P. |
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A comparative study of culturally transmitted patterns of feeding habits in the chacma baboon Papio ursinus and the vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops |
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1981 |
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Folia Primatologica; International Journal of Primatology |
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Folia Primatol (Basel) |
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36 |
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3-4 |
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243-263 |
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Age Factors; Animals; *Cercopithecus; *Cercopithecus aethiops; Culture; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Group Structure; Learning; Male; *Papio; Social Class; Teaching |
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Japanese workers have studied social acquisition patterns of new feeding habits in Macaca fuscata which they have termed precultural. The present study investigates the same phenomenon in the chacma baboon and the vervet monkey in their natural habitat. The questions addressed are: (1) How a new feeding habit enters a troop and by which age and sex category, also how it is propagated? (2) When individuals are permitted with a choice between palatable and unpalatable food, can they learn by demonstration only or do they have to pass through a direct learning process? (3) Can the results from the above questions be explained by social parameters such as the social structure of the individual species? It was found that juvenile baboons discover new food and that after the discovery propagation is instantaneous. In vervets discovery is random among the age classes and propagation is slow and takes place through certain 'pivot' individuals. Both species fail to learn about palatability by demonstration but have to go through a direct learning process. This contrasts strongly with the forest baboon Mandrillus sphinx that have been shown to learn by demonstration. Socially, baboon juveniles stay closer to each other than the adults who force them to live at the periphery of the troop. Vervets again forage without precise sub-group formation. The link between social and cultural propagation and social structure is discussed on the basis of these findings. |
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0015-5713 |
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PMID:7319426 |
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2087 |
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Hoyt Df, T.C. |
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Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses |
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1981 |
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Nature |
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292 |
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239-240 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1205 |
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Author |
HUGHES RD et al, |
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Title |
Interactions between Camague horses and horseflies |
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1981 |
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Bull Entomol Res 71 |
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227-242 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1210 |
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