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Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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Title |
Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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6 |
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4 |
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416-423 |
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We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small. |
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10.1093/beheco/6.4.416 |
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447 |
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Bateson, M.; Kacelnik, A. |
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Title |
Accuracy of memory for amount in the foraging starling,Sturnus vulgaris |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
50 |
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2 |
Pages |
431-443 |
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Attempts to include psychological constraints in models of foraging behaviour differ in their assumptions concerning the accuracy of estimation of environmental parameters. Psychologists model estimation error as increasing linearly with the magnitude of a stimulus (Weber's Law), whereas behavioural ecologists either ignore error or assume it to be independent of stimulus magnitude. Studies on the estimation of time intervals have confirmed Weber's Law, but there are few data on the accuracy of estimation of amounts of food. Since the currency of most foraging models is the amount of food acquired per unit of time spent foraging, information on estimation of amount is required. Here, a titration method was used in which starlings chose between two cues. One colour signalled a standard food reward, and the other a reward that adjusted in magnitude according to the birds' choices: it increased when the standard was preferred and decreased when the adjusting option was preferred. There were two standards of 3 and 9 units of food, each of which was delivered at two rates to control for possible effects of rate of reinforcement on discrimination. The observed value of the adjusting option oscillated around a mean value slightly larger than that of the standard. The amplitude and period of these oscillations were larger when the standard was larger, independent of the rate of reinforcement. Also, molecular analysis showed that the probability of choosing the currently larger alternative increased as the relative difference between the adjusting option and standard increased. These results are consistent with Weber's Law applying to starlings' memories for amounts of food. |
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2110 |
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Author |
Mitchell R |
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Title |
Self-recognition, methodology and explanation: a comment on Heyes (1994) |
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Year |
1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
51 |
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467 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3020 |
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Keverne, E.B. |
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Title |
Olfactory learning |
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1995 |
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Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
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Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. |
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5 |
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4 |
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482-488 |
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olfactory perception mammals |
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Unravelling the mechanisms of learning and memory can, and should, be tackled at many levels. Discovery of the huge family of odourant receptor genes provided olfaction with `molecular' respectability similar to that afforded to the visual system. Consequently, molecular studies have dominated the olfactory literature this past year, even to the point of providing a molecular basis of olfactory perception. Needless to say, the molecular approach favours a `hard-wired' system; however, other results suggest that flexibility in the olfactory system provides for certain adaptations that are crucial to the biological needs of mammals. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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798 |
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Author |
Yamakoshi G; Sugiyama Y |
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Title |
Pestle-pounding behavior of wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea: a newly observed tool-using behavior |
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1995 |
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Primates |
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Primates |
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36 |
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489 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3052 |
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Author |
Miller, R.M. |
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How the dominance hierarchy is determined: The body language of the horse |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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15 |
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12 |
Pages |
514-515 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4306 |
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Custance DM; Whiten A; Bard KA |
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Can young chimpanzees imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes and Hayes (1952) revisited |
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1995 |
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Behavior |
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132 |
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839 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2990 |
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Clayton, H.M. |
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Comparison of the stride kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks in horses |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
Publication |
American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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56 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
849-852 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Gait; Horses/*physiology; *Locomotion; Motion Pictures; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Walking |
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Six horses, highly trained for dressage competition, were used to study the stride kinematics of the walk, and to compare the kinematics of the collected, medium, and extended walks. Horses were filmed in a sagittal plane at a rate of 150 frames/s; temporal, linear, and angular data were extracted from the films. Results of ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test indicated that the speed of the collected walk (1.37 m/s) was significantly (P < 0.01) slower than that of the medium (1.73 m/s) and extended (1.82 m/s) walks, values for which were not significantly different from each other. The increase in speed was associated with a significant increase in stride length, from 157 cm in the collected walk to 193 cm in the extended walk. This was a result of an increase in the over-tracking distance, whereas there was no significant difference in the distance between lateral placements of the limbs. Stride duration decreased (P < 0.01) from the collected walk (1,159 ms) to the extended walk (1,064 ms). Angles of the metacarpal and metatarsal segments, measured on the palmar/ plantar aspect, were higher at impact and lower at lift off in the collected than in the extended walk (P < 0.01). This indicated greater range of angular motion of this segment during the stance phase in the extended walk. Only 1 of the 6 horses had a regular 4-beat rhythm of the footfalls, with equal time elapsing between the lateral and diagonal footfalls. |
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Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Canada |
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English |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:7574149 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3743 |
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Author |
Galef,, Bennett G. |
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Title |
Why behaviour patterns that animals learn socially are locally adaptive |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1325-1334 |
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Recent models of the social transmission of behaviour by animals have repeatedly led their authors to the counterintuitive (and counterfactual) conclusion that traditional behaviour patterns in animals are often not locally adaptive. This deduction results from the assumption in such models that frequency of expression of socially learned behaviour patterns is not affected by rewards or punishments contingent upon their expression. An alternative approach to analysis of social learning processes, based on Staddon-Simmelhag's conditioning model, is proposed here. It is assumed that social interactions affect the probability of introduction of novel behaviour patterns into a naive individual's repertoire and that consequences of engaging in a socially learned behaviour determine whether that behaviour continues to be expressed. Review of several recently analysed instances of animal social learning suggests that distinguishing processes that introduce behaviour patterns into the repertoires of individuals from processes that select among behavioural alternatives aids in understanding observed differences in the longevity of various traditional behaviour patterns studied in both laboratory and field. Finally, implications of the present approach for understanding the role of social learning in evolutionary process are discussed. |
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578 |
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Author |
Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Parker, G.A. |
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Title |
Sexual coercion in animal societies |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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49 |
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5 |
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1345-1365 |
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In a wide range of animal species, males coerce females to mate with them, either by physically forcing them to mate, by harassing them until they mate or by punishing persistent refusal to mate. The first section of this paper argues that the possibility of forced copulation can generate arms races between males and females that may have substantial costs to both sexes. In the second section, it is suggested that sexual harassment commonly represents a `war of attrition' between the sexes; existing game theory models that may apply to sexual conflict over mating decisions are reviewed. The third section develops a simple prospective model for the evolution of intimidation by punishment in situations where males can raise the probability that females will accept their advances in future by punishing them for refusal to mate. Where the benefits of sexual coercion to males are high, all three male strategies may develop to a point where they have substantial costs to females. In the final section, evidence that female behaviour is adapted to minimizing these costs is reviewed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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757 |
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