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	Author	Salmivalli, C.; Lagerspetz, K.; Björkqvist, K.; Österman, K.; Kaukiainen, A.
	Title	Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Aggressive Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Aggr. Behav.
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	1-15
	Keywords	aggressive behavior; peer relations; roles; social acceptance; social groups; victimization
	Abstract	Bullying was investigated as a group process, a social phenomenon taking place in a school setting among 573 Finnish sixth-grade children (286 girls, 287 boys) aged 12–13 years. Different Participant Roles taken by individual children in the bullying process were examined and related to a) self-estimated behavior in bullying situations, b) social acceptance and social rejection, and c) belongingness to one of the five sociometric status groups (popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average). The Participant Roles assigned to the subject were Victim, Bully, Reinforcer of the bully, Assistant of the bully, Defender of the victim, and Outsider. There were significant sex differences in the distribution of Participant Roles. Boys were more frequently in the roles of Bully, Reinforcer and Assistant, while the most frequent roles of the girls were those of Defender and Outsider. The subjects were moderately well aware of their Participant Roles, although they underestimated their participation in active bullying behavior and emphasized that they acted as Defenders and Outsiders. The sociometric status of the children was found to be connected to their Participant Roles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1098-2337	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5435
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	Author	Menke, C.; Waiblinger, S.; Foelsch, D.W.; Wiepkema, P.R.
	Title	Social Behaviour and Injuries of Horned Cows in Loose Housing Systems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Welfare
	Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	243-258
	Keywords	Animal Welfare; Horned Dairy Cows; Human-Animal Relationship; Injuries; Loose Housing; Management; Social Behaviour
	Abstract	The relationship between social behaviour and skin injuries (caused by horns) of loose housed horned cows was investigated on 35 dairy farms. While the frequencies of two agonistic behaviour elements (push and chase away) were positively correlated with the occurrence of skin injuries, the frequencies of butting and homing were not. Butting appears to have an ambivalent motivation, in that its occurrence is correlated positively both with agonistic behaviour and with social licking. Horning showed a positive correlation with social licking only. Four groups of husbandry conditions that may be associated with the occurrence of social behaviour and of injuries were distinguished: i) herd management, with variables including problem solving management by the farmer, integration of new cows, and dealing with periparturient and oestrus cows; ii) human-animal relationship, with variables including ability to identify individual cows, frequency of brushing the cows, number of milkers, and frequency of personnel changes; iii) animal characteristics, with the variable of herd size; and iv) stable characteristics, with the variable of space per cow (m²). The relevance of the husbandry variables investigated here had been confirmed in a previous stepwise regression analysis (Menke 1996). The variables for herd management and human-animal relationship conditions correlated in a consistent way with the occurrence of agonistic behaviour and/or of injuries, while most of them also correlated in the opposite direction with the occurrence of social licking. Herd size correlated positively with agonistic behaviour, but negatively with social licking. Space per cow correlated negatively with agonistic behaviour and injuries. In more than 70 per cent of the herds investigated, the levels of agonistic behaviour and of skin injuries were low, implying that horned dairy cows can be kept with less risk than is often assumed. We argue that such risks strongly depend on management factors that can be improved.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5480
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	Author	Uchiyama, H.; Ohtani, N.; Ohta, M.
	Title	Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	135	Issue	4	Pages	271-276
	Keywords	Equine-facilitated interventions; Horse gait; Human gait; Three-dimensional analysis; Horse riding
	Abstract	Therapeutic horse riding or hippotherapy is used as an intervention for treating individuals with mental and physical disabilities. Equine-assisted interventions are based on the hypothesis that the movement of the horse's pelvis during horseback riding resembles human ambulation, and thus provides motor and sensory inputs similar to those received during human walking. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis by conducting a three-dimensional analysis of the horse's movements while walking and human ambulation. Using four sets of equipments, we analysed the acceleration patterns of walking in 50 healthy humans and 11 horses. In addition, we analysed the exercise intensity by comparing the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure of 127 healthy individuals before and after walking and horse riding. The acceleration data series of the stride phase of horse walking were compared with those of human walking, and the frequencies (in Hz) were analysed by Fast Fourier transform. The acceleration curves of human walking overlapped with those of horse walking, with the frequency band of human walking corresponding with that of horse walking. Exercise intensity, as measured by the heart rate and breathing rate, was not significantly different between horse riding and human walking. The levels of diastolic blood pressure were slightly higher during horse riding than during walking, but were lower during both conditions compared with those in normal conditions (P < 0.01). The present study shows that, although not completely matched, the accelerations of the horse and human walking are comparable quantitatively and qualitatively. Horse riding at a walking gait could generate motor and sensory inputs similar to those produced by human walking, and thus could provide optimum benefits to persons with ambulatory difficulties.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5488
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	Author	Güntürkün, O.; Kesch, S.
	Title	Visual lateralization during feeding in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Behavioral Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Neurosci.
	Volume	101	Issue	3	Pages	433-435
	Keywords	use of right vs left eye, amount & accuracy of pecking in food discrimination task, homing pigeons, implications for lateralization of cerebral function
	Abstract	In a quasi-natural feeding situation, adult pigeons had to detect and consume 30 food grains out of about 1,000 pebbles of similar shape, size, and color within 30 s under monocular conditions. With the right eye seeing, the animals achieved a significantly higher discrimination accuracy and, consequently, a significantly higher proportion of grains grasped than with the left eye seeing. This result supports previous demonstrations of a left-hemisphere dominance for visually guided behavior in birds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	US: American Psychological Association	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1939-0084(Electronic);0735-7044(Print)	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1987-30501-001			Serial	5588
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	Author	Clark, M.L.; Ayers, M.
	Title	Friendship similarity during early adolescence: gender and racial patterns			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	The Journal of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Psychol
	Volume	126	Issue	4	Pages	393-405
	Keywords	Achievement; Adolescent; African Americans/psychology; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Individuality; Interpersonal Relations; Male; *Personality Development; Personality Inventory; Sociometric Techniques
	Abstract	We studied the relationship of reciprocity, gender, and racial composition (Caucasian, African American, cross-race) of adolescent friendship dyads to similarity and proximity in 136 young adolescents. We found that adolescents selected friends who were of the same gender and race and that female dyads were more similar than male dyads on verbal achievement and several personality dimensions. Caucasian dyads were more similar than African American dyads on verbal achievement, mental alertness, and dominance. African American adolescents had more contact with their best friends outside school, whereas Caucasian adolescent friends had more in-school contact. African American students had fewer reciprocal relationships than the Caucasian students. Cross-race friendships were less reciprocal than same-race friendships. Race and gender were important in determining friendship patterns. Similarity and proximity were more important than reciprocity in understanding early adolescent friendships.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3980	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1403972			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5628
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	Author	Horn, L.; Range, F.; Huber, L.
	Title	Dogs’ attention towards humans depends on their relationship, not only on social familiarity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2013	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Animal Cognition
	Volume	16	Issue	3	Pages	435-443
	Keywords	Domestic dogs; Social attention; Social familiarity; Dog–human relationship
	Abstract	Both in humans and non-human animals, it has been shown that individuals attend more to those they have previously interacted with and/or they are more closely associated with than to unfamiliar individuals. Whether this preference is mediated by mere social familiarity based on exposure or by the specific relationship between the two individuals, however, remains unclear. The domestic dog is an interesting subject in this line of research as it lives in the human environment and regularly interacts with numerous humans, yet it often has a particularly close relationship with its owner. Therefore, we investigated how long dogs (Canis familiaris) would attend to the actions of two familiar humans and one unfamiliar experimenter, while varying whether dogs had a close relationship with only one or both familiar humans. Our data provide evidence that social familiarity by itself cannot account for dogs’ increased attention towards their owners since they only attended more to those familiar humans with whom they also had a close relationship.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer-Verlag	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5667
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Henry, S.; Zanella, A.J.; Sankey, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Marko, A.; Hausberger, M.
	Title	Adults may be used to alleviate weaning stress in domestic foals (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Physiology & Behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	106	Issue	4	Pages	428-438
	Keywords	Weaning; Social influence; Abnormal behaviours; Young-adult interactions; Welfare; Horse
	Abstract	The present study aims to investigate whether the presence of unrelated adult horses at weaning would reduce the social stress of weaning and the emergence of undesirable behaviours. We tested this hypothesis in 32 domestic foals by comparing short and medium term behavioural and physiological responses to weaning in foals maintained in homogeneous groups of peers (PW) to those of foals grouped with both peers and unrelated adults (AW). In total, three trials were conducted, which each trial consisting of one AW group and one PW group. In all foals, weaning was followed by increased vocalization, increased locomotion and increased salivary cortisol concentration. However, signs of stress were less pronounced and shorter in duration in weanlings housed with unrelated adults (e.g. whinnies: p < 0.05; salivary cortisol: p < 0.05). Only foals without adults exhibited increased aggressiveness towards peers (p < 0.05) and abnormal behaviours (p < 0.05) such as excessive wood-chewing and redirected sucking towards peers. In conclusion, introducing adults to minimize weaning stress in foals and later on aggressiveness and abnormal behaviours appears as the most promising approach to date.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5689
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	Author	Flauger, B.
	Title	The introduction of horses into new social groups with special regard to their stress level			Type	Manuscript
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Pferd; Equiden; Eingliederungstechnik; Integrationspferd; Stress; Cortisol; Endokrine Reaktion; Gruppenhaltung; Verletzungsgefahr; Aggression; Futterplatzwahl; Kot; Geruchssinn; Mensch-Pferd Interaktion; horse; equids; introduction technique; integration horse; stress; cortisol; endocrine response; group housing; injury risk; aggression; feeding decision; faecal sample; olfaction; human-horse interaction
	Abstract	Horses are a highly social species living in complex social systems which should require them to memorise and generalise social experiences and distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. In the main part of my thesis I concentrated on the specific conflict situation of a horse being introduced into a new social group, and investigated its behaviour and stress level. Horses were either introduced (1) immediately, (2) after an observation period, or (3) together with an integration horse after an observation period. Additionally, in the second part of my thesis I arranged several experiments to elaborate additional aspects which could affect the behaviour of horses during introductions. In this study I could describe a simplified method for measuring stress through the analysis of faecal GCMs in horses. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for 11-oxoaetiocholanolone using 11-oxoaetiocholanolone-17-CMO: BSA (3?,11-oxo-A EIA) as antigen showed high amounts of immunoreactive substances. The new assay increases the accuracy of the test and lowers the expenses per sample; also storing of samples at room temperature after collection is less critical. This is a big advantage both in the field of wildlife management of equids and in the field of equestrian sports (chapter 1). Comparing the different introduction techniques, the introduction with an integration horse led to significantly less total interactions and lower levels of aggression than the introduction of single horses, both immediately and after several days of observing the new group. Additionally, by observing the behaviour of the horses during everyday sociality I could develop a formula describing the interrelationship between expected aggression level and enclosure size per horse. The curve takes an exponential shape. Starting from a space allowance of 300 m2 and more per horse, the amount of aggressions per hour approaches zero. For the reduction of aggression levels and injury risks in socially kept horses I recommend an enclosure size of at least 300 m2 per horse (chapter 2). I further investigated the stress level of the introduced animals. Horses which were immediately introduced did not show elevated faecal GCMs. In contrast, horses which were introduced after an observation period had slightly elevated values 2 and 3 days after the introduction. For horses introduced together with an integration horse faecal GCMs were significantly above the baseline value on the day of introduction and 1 day after it. These differences between introduction techniques indicate that the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. Rather standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses (chapter 3). In the commentary of chapter 4 several studies are discussed which failed to demonstrate social learning in horses. It is argued that they did not consider important aspects which could have an influence, such as the dominance status or the social background of the horses (chapter 4). In chapter 5 a social feeding situation was investigated. The social rank as well as the position of conspecifics affected the feeding strategy of horses. Domestic horses used social cognition and strategic decision making in order to decide where to feed. When possible they tended to return to the same, continuously supplied feeding site and switched to an ?avoidance tendency? in the presence of dominant horses or when another horse was already feeding there (chapter 5). One possibility to recognize group members is through olfactory recognition. In chapter 6 it is shown that horses are able to distinguish their own from their conspecifics? faeces. In addition, they paid most attention to the faeces of those group members from which they received the highest amount of aggressive behaviour (chapter 6). Horses show cognitive abilities because they are able to use humans as local enhancement cues when searching for food, independently of their body posture or gaze consistency when the persons face them. Moreover, they seem to orientate on the attention of familiar persons more than of unfamiliar persons (chapter 7). Altogether, the results of this thesis provide further support for the view that horses show good conflict resolution strategies. They are perfectly able to deal with the conflict situation of being introduced to new group members, and the introduction event itself is not as stressful as previously assumed. It is rather suggested that standing together with an integration horse and not being able to integrate immediately into the complete group elicits stress in horses. All additional experimental set-ups could demonstrate that horses are well capable of social cognition.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis	Ph.D. thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ epub18463			Serial	5736
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	Author	Krueger, K.; Farmer, K.; Heinze, J.
	Title	The effects of age, rank and neophobia on social learning in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2014	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	17	Issue	3	Pages	645-655
	Keywords	Horse; Social learning; Sociality; Ecology; Social relationships
	Abstract	Social learning is said to meet the demands of complex environments in which individuals compete over resources and co-operate to share resources. Horses (Equus caballus) were thought to lack social learning skills because they feed on homogenously distributed resources with few reasons for conflict. However, the horse’s social environment is complex, which raises the possibility that its capacity for social transfer of feeding behaviour has been underestimated. We conducted a social learning experiment using 30 socially kept horses of different ages. Five horses, one from each group, were chosen as demonstrators, and the remaining 25 horses were designated observers. Observers from each group were allowed to watch their group demonstrator opening a feeding apparatus. We found that young, low ranking, and more exploratory horses learned by observing older members of their own group, and the older the horse, the more slowly it appeared to learn. Social learning may be an adaptive specialisation to the social environment. Older animals may avoid the potential costs of acquiring complex and potentially disadvantageous feeding behaviours from younger group members. We argue that horses show social learning in the context of their social ecology, and that research procedures must take such contexts into account. Misconceptions about the horse’s sociality may have hampered earlier studies.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5737
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	Author	Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Streit, S.; Dempfle, L.
	Title	Automatic feeding systems for horses in group housing systems with regard to animal welfare. Part 1: Feeding stalls versus automatic feeding systems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2010	Publication	Tierärztliche Praxis Großtiere	Abbreviated Journal	Tierärztl Prax
	Volume	38	Issue	G	Pages	363-370
	Keywords	Pferd, Fütterungseinrichtungen, soziale Interaktionen, Herzfrequenz, Verletzungsrisiko, Betriebseinfluss [Horse, feeding stations, social interactions, heart rate, risk of injury, individual farm management]
	Abstract	Gegenstand und Ziel: Überprüfung der Tiergerechtheit von Abrufstationen für Kraftfutter und Heu in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden anhand ethologischer und physiologischer Parameter im Vergleich zu konventionellen Fressständen. Material und Methoden: Die Verhaltensbeobachtungen fanden in 11 bzw. 10 Offenlaufställen mit Abrufstationen bzw. Fressständen statt. 270 Pferde wurden individuell unterschieden. Untersuchungsparameter waren: Drohverhalten mit und ohne Verletzungsrisiko, Meideverhalten, Verdrängung aus dem Fressstand sowie Herzfrequenz und Integumentverletzungen. In jedem Betrieb erfolgten kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag (Tortenstückverfahren). Ergebnisse: Im Wartebereich der Abrufautomaten traten signifikant mehr Drohgesten ohne bzw. mit Verletzungsgefahr je Pferd und Tag (8,6 bzw. 3,0) auf als im Wartebereich der Fressstände (3,4 bzw. 0,9). Demgegenüber konnten die Pferde in Abrufstationen (1,4 Drohgesten je Pferd und Tag) ungestörter fressen als in Fressständen (3,2 Drohgesten je Pferd und Tag). Insgesamt betrachtet ergab sich jedoch bei beiden Fütterungssystemen eine geringe Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen. Die Herzfrequenz lag im Warteareal im Durchschnitt im physiologischen Bereich (44,59 ± 11,73 Schläge/min). Integumentverletzungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Fütterungssystem traten nicht auf. Der wichtigste Einflussfaktor auf die Untersuchungskriterien war der Betrieb (Fläche, Konzeption, Management). Schlussfolgerung: Unter dem Aspekt der Tiergerechtheit hinsichtlich des Stress- und Verletzungsrisikos durch soziale Interaktionen eignen sich bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management sowohl Fressstände als auch Abrufstationen für Pferde im Offenlaufstall. [Objective: A comparison with regard to animal welfare of feeding stalls and automatic feeding systems for hay and concentrates in group housing systems for horses using parameters of ethology and physiology. Material and method: The observations of animal behaviour took place in 10 stables with feeding stalls and in 11 stables with automatic feeding systems. The field around the feeding systems was divided into three areas with comparable dimensions (waiting area, exit area and inside of the feeding system). 270 horses were individually observed. Parameters of research comprised: threatening behaviour with and without risk of injury, avoiding behaviour, ”chasing away from the feeding place”, as well as heart rate and injuries of the integument. Every group of horses was continuously observed for 24 hours. This observation took place on four different days and comprised six sessions, each of 4 hours. Results: In the waiting area of the automatic systems there were significantly more threatening gestures with and without risk of injuries for each horse and day (8.6 and 3.0, respectively) than in the waiting area of the feeding stalls. In contrast, the horses could eat more relaxed in the automatic systems (1.4 threatening gestures for each horse and day) than in the feeding stalls (3.2 threatening gestures for each horse and day). All together the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of both feeding systems was relatively low. The heart rate was within the physiological range (44,59 ± 11,73 beats/min) in the waiting area. There were no injuries of the integument in correlation with the feeding systems. The most important factor of the observation criteria was the individual group housing system with its different dimension, conception and management. Conclusion: Under the aspect of animal welfare both feeding systems are suitable for horses with respect to the risk of stress and injuries by social interactions and under the condition of proper group housing with professional management.]
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5765
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