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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Animal communication: panel discussion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1000	Issue		Pages	79-87
	Keywords	Acoustics; Affect; *Animal Communication; Animals
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14766621			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	176
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Darwin's legacy and the study of primate visual communication			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1000	Issue		Pages	7-31
	Keywords	Affect; Aggression/psychology; Animals; Culture; Evolution; Facial Expression; Gestures; Grooming; Humans; Laughter; Nonverbal Communication; Primates/physiology; Smiling; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	After Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872, we had to wait 60 years before the theme of animal expressions was picked up by another astute observer. In 1935, Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts published a detailed comparison of the expressive behavior of a juvenile chimpanzee and of her own child. After Kohts, we had to wait until the 1960s for modern ethological analyses of primate facial and gestural communication. Again, the focus was on the chimpanzee, but ethograms on other primates appeared as well. Our understanding of the range of expressions in other primates is at present far more advanced than that in Darwin's time. A strong social component has been added: instead of focusing on the expressions per se, they are now often classified according to the social situations in which they typically occur. Initially, quantitative analyses were sequential (i.e., concerned with temporal associations between behavior patterns), and they avoided the language of emotions. I will discuss some of this early work, including my own on the communicative repertoire of the bonobo, a close relative of the chimpanzee (and ourselves). I will provide concrete examples to make the point that there is a much richer matrix of contexts possible than the common behavioral categories of aggression, sex, fear, play, and so on. Primate signaling is a form of negotiation, and previous classifications have ignored the specifics of what animals try to achieve with their exchanges. There is also increasing evidence for signal conventionalization in primates, especially the apes, in both captivity and the field. This process results in group-specific or “cultural” communication patterns.
	Address	Yerkes Primate Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14766618			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	177
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Silent invasion: Imanishi's primatology and cultural bias in science			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	293-299
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Culture; Ecosystem; History, 20th Century; Philosophy; Portraits; Prejudice; Primates/psychology; Psychology, Comparative/*history; Research Design/trends
	Abstract
	Address	Living Links, Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14551801			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	178
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Chimpanzee politics:power and sex among apes.			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1982	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Johns Hopkins University Press	Place of Publication	Baltimore	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0801886560	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4857
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Animal Social Conflict			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1993	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4894
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Peacemaking Among Primates			Type	Miscellaneous
	Year	1989	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4924
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Annual Review of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	Annu Rev Psychol
	Volume	59	Issue	1	Pages	279-300
	Keywords
	Abstract	Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Annual Reviews	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0066-4308	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5058
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Uno, H.; Luttrell, L.M.; Meisner, L.F.; Jeannotte, L.A.
	Title	Behavioral retardation in a macaque with autosomal trisomy and aging mother			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	American journal of mental retardation : AJMR	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Ment Retard
	Volume	100	Issue	4	Pages	378-390
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain/physiopathology; Female; Hydrocephalus/complications; Longitudinal Studies; Macaca mulatta/genetics; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Maternal Age; Psychomotor Disorders/etiology; Social Behavior; Trisomy/*genetics; X Chromosome
	Abstract	The social development of a female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) was followed from the day of birth until her death, at age 32 months. The subject, born to an older mother, had an extra autosome (karyotype: 43, XX, +18), an affliction that came about spontaneously. MRI scans revealed that she was also hydrocephalic. Compared to 23 female monkeys growing up under identical conditions, the subject showed serious motor deficiencies, a dramatic delay in the development of social behavior, poorly established dominance relationships, and greater than usual dependency on mother and kin. The subject was well-integrated into the social group, however.
	Address	University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0895-8017	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8718992			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	205
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Seres, M.
	Title	Propagation of handclasp grooming among captive chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	43	Issue	4	Pages	339-346
	Keywords	Animals; Family Relations; Female; Grooming; Learning; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	A grooming posture previously reported for two wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) communities developed spontaneously in a captive group of the same species. This offered a unique opportunity to follow the propagation of a new social custom. The posture consists of two partners grasping hands--either both right hands or both left hands--and raising the arms in an A-frame above their heads while mutually grooming with their free hands. The propagation of this pattern was followed over a 5 year period. In the beginning, handclasps were always initiated by the same adult female. This female initiated the posture mainly with her adult female kin. In subsequent years, these relatives became frequent participants in the posture with each other as well as with nonrelatives. Over the years the posture increased in frequency and duration and spread to the majority of adults and also to a few adolescents and older juveniles. The pattern persisted after removal of the apparent originator.
	Address	Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA. dewaal@emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9403098			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	202
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	Author	de Waal, F.B.; Luttrell, L.M.
	Title	The similarity principle underlying social bonding among female rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Folia primatologica; international journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Folia Primatol (Basel)
	Volume	46	Issue	4	Pages	215-234
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Grooming; Group Processes; Macaca/physiology; Macaca mulatta/physiology; Male; Object Attachment
	Abstract	Twenty adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were observed over a three-year period. They lived in a mixed captive group with kinship relations known for three generations. The study's aim was to test Seyfarth's [J. theor. Biol. 65: 671-698, 1977] model of rank-related grooming and to investigate two other possible determinants of social bonding, i.e. relative age and the group's stratification into two social classes. Data on affiliation, coalitions, and social competition were collected by means of both focal observation and instantaneous time sampling. Whereas certain elements of the existing model were confirmed, its explanatory principles were not. Social competition did not result in more contact among close-ranking females (the opposite effect was found), and the relation between affiliative behavior and coalitions was more complex than predicted. Based on multivariate analyses and a comparison of theoretical models, we propose a simpler, more encompassing principle underlying interfemale attraction. According to this 'similarity principle', rhesus females establish bonds with females whom they most resemble. The similarity may concern genetical and social background, age, hierarchical position and social class. Effects of these four factors were independently demonstrated. The most successful model assumed that similarity factors influence female bonding in a cumulative fashion.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0015-5713	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3557225			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	211
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