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Author (down) Powell, G.V.N. url  openurl
  Title Experimental analysis of the social value of flocking by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in relation to predation and foraging Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 22 Issue 2 Pages 501-505  
  Keywords  
  Abstract In groups of ten, indidual starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, spent significantly less time in surveillance than did individuals in smaller groups and responded more quickly than single birds to a flying model hawk. Captive starlings in flocks reduce their individual surveillance efforts, but their combined efforts still enable them to be more effective than single birds in the detection of predators. Foraging behaviour of flocks was observed by placing single starlings with groups of tricoloured blackbirds, Agelaius tricolor; the starlings reduced the time they devoted to surveillance at the same rate as if they were with other starlings.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2147  
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Author (down) Polyanskaya, A.I.; Ovchinnikov, V.V. openurl 
  Title Rate of growth and size of the brain of the horse mackerel Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication The Soviet Journal of Ecology Abbreviated Journal Sov J Ecol  
  Volume 4 Issue 3 Pages 256-257  
  Keywords Animals; Body Weight; *Brain; Ecology; Fishes/*growth & development; Genetics, Population; Organ Size  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0096-7807 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:4825911 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2708  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Parker, G.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Journal of Theoretical Biology Abbreviated Journal J. Theor. Biol.  
  Volume 47 Issue 1 Pages 223-243  
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  Abstract The view is examined that the adaptive value of conventional aspects of fighting behaviour is for assessment of relative RHP (resource holding power) of the combatants. Outcomes of aggressive disputes should be decided by each individual's fitness budget available for expenditure during a fight (determined by the fitness difference between adoption of alternative strategies, escalation or withdrawal without escalation) and on the rate of expenditure of the fitness budget if escalation occurs (determined by the RHPs of the combatants). Thus response thresholds for alternative strategies (“assessments”) will be determined by natural selection on a basis of which opponent is likely to expend its fitness budget first, should escalation occur. This “loser” should retreat (before escalation) and the winner should stay in possession of the resource. Many aggressive decisions depend on whether one is a resource holder, or an attacker. Assuming the RHP of the combatants to be equal, there are many instances of fitness pay-off imbalances between holder and attacker which should weight the dispute outcome in favour of one or other opponent by allowing it a greater expendable fitness budget. Usually the weighting favours the holder; the attacker therefore needs a correspondingly higher RHP before it may be expected to win. This is not invariably the case, and much observed data fits the predictions of this sort of model. If assessments are perfect and budget expenditure rates exactly predictable, then there would never seem to be any case for escalation. Escalation can be explained in terms of injury inflictions (expenditures) occurring as discrete events; i.e. as “bouts” won or lost during fighting. Assessment can give only a probabilistic prediction of the outcome of a bout. A simple model is developed to investigate escalation situations. Each combatant assesses relative RHP; this correlates with an absolute probability of winning the next bout (cabs). The stake played for is infliction of loss of RHP and is determined by the fitness budgets of the opponents. (Each individual plays for the withdrawal of its opponent.) This defines a critical probability of winning (ccrit) for each combatant, above which escalation is the favourable strategy (cabs > ccrit) and below which withdrawal is favourable (cabs < ccrit). Escalation should occur only where cabs-ccrit is positive for both combatants. This model gives predictions compatible with the observations, indicating that RHP loss alone can be adequate to explain withdrawal: escalation behaviour. Withdrawal tendency will be increased by low searching costs. Escalations should be restricted to closely matched RHP opponents if RHP disparity is the major imbalance. Outside the “escalation range” of a given individual, the higher RHP individual wins and the lower one loses (i.e. it should withdraw after conventional display). RHP disparity and holder: attacker imbalance should both interact to shape the observed pattern, though their relative importances will depend on species and situation. In some instances selection may favour immediate withdrawal from an occupied territory even without assessment of RHP.  
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  ISSN 0022-5193 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4935  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J. openurl 
  Title Further studies of the sea-finding mechanism in green turtle hatchlings Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 51 Issue 3-4 Pages 195-208  
  Keywords Animals; *Animals, Newborn/physiology; Contact Lenses; Locomotion; *Orientation; Retina/physiology; *Turtles/physiology; Visual Fields; *Visual Perception; Water  
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  ISSN 0005-7959 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:4447586 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 389  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Mirzaeva, A.G. openurl 
  Title [Age makeup of female Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. in the coniferous-broad-leaved forest zone of the southern Maritime Territory] Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Parazitologiia Abbreviated Journal Parazitologiia  
  Volume 8 Issue 6 Pages 524-530  
  Keywords Age Factors; Animals; *Ceratopogonidae/physiology; Corpus Luteum/physiology; Ecology; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Ovulation; Pigments, Biological/physiology; Seasons; Siberia; Trees  
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  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title Vozrastnoi sostav samok Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. v zone khvoino-shirokolistvennykh lesov Iuzhnogo Primor'ia  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0031-1847 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:4449654 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2707  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) McGrew WC openurl 
  Title Tool use by wild chimpanzees in feeding upon driver ants Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication J. Hum. Evol. Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 3 Issue Pages 501  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3018  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Lynch, J.J.; Fregin, G.F.; Mackie, J.B.; Monroe, R.R.J. openurl 
  Title Heart rate changes in the horse to human contact Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Psychophysiology Abbreviated Journal Psychophysiology  
  Volume 11 Issue 4 Pages 472-478  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Electrocardiography/veterinary; *Heart Rate; Horses/*physiology; Humans; *Social Behavior; *Touch  
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  ISSN 0048-5772 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:4852234 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1965  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Klingel H, openurl 
  Title A comparison of the Social Behaviour of the Equidae. in Geist V & Walther FR (eds): The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal IUCN Publ  
  Volume Issue Pages 124-132  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1302  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Klingel H, openurl 
  Title Gruppenbildung bei Huftieren Type Book Chapter
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal in Immelmann K (ed): Verhaltensforschung  
  Volume Issue Pages 506-518  
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  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor Kindler,  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1303  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author (down) Klingel H, openurl 
  Title Zebras. Wildlife Clubs of Kenya Type Journal Article
  Year 1974 Publication Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages 8-13  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1304  
Permanent link to this record
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