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	Author	Timney, B.; Keil, K.
	Title	Local and global stereopsis in the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Vision Research	Abbreviated Journal	Vision Res
	Volume	39	Issue	10	Pages	1861-1867
	Keywords	Animals; Depth Perception/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Psychophysics; Sensory Thresholds/physiology; Vision, Binocular/physiology; Vision, Monocular/physiology
	Abstract	Although horses have laterally-placed eyes, there is substantial binocular overlap, allowing for the possibility that these animals have stereopsis. In the first experiment of the present study we measured local stereopsis by obtaining monocular and binocular depth thresholds for renal depth stimuli. On all measures, the horses' binocular performance was superior to their monocular. When depth thresholds were obtained, binocular thresholds were several times superior to those obtained monocularly, suggesting that the animals could use stereoscopic information when it was available. The binocular thresholds averaged about 15 min arc. In the second experiment we obtained evidence for the presence of global stereopsis by testing the animals' ability to discriminate between random-dot stereograms with and without consistent disparity information. When presented with such stimuli they showed a strong preference for the cyclopean equivalent of the positive stimulus with the real depth. These results provide the first behavioral demonstration of a full range of stereoscopic skills in a lateral-eyed mammal.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada. timney@julian.uwo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-6989	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10343877			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3580
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Thrower, W.R.
	Title	Aggression in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1970	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Proc R Soc Med
	Volume	63	Issue	2	Pages	163-167
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Breeding; Evolution; Horses; Humans; Species Specificity; Territoriality
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0035-9157	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5462347			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1966
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	Author	Thompson, J.A.; Brown, S.E. 2nd; Riddle, W.T.; Seahorn, J.C.; Cohen, N.D.
	Title	Use of a Bayesian risk-mapping technique to estimate spatial risks for mare reproductive loss syndrome in Kentucky			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	66	Issue	1	Pages	17-20
	Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Female; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Kentucky/epidemiology; Models, Statistical; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To estimate spatial risks associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) during 2001 among horses in a specific study population and partition the herd effects into those attributable to herd location and those that were spatially random and likely attributable to herd management. Animals-Pregnant broodmares from 62 farms in 7 counties in central Kentucky. PROCEDURE: Veterinarians provided the 2001 abortion incidence proportions for each farm included in the study. Farms were georeferenced and data were analyzed by use of a fully Bayesian risk-mapping technique. RESULTS: Large farm-to-farm variation in MRLS incidence proportions was identified. The farm-to-farm variation was largely attributed to spatial location rather than to spatially random herd effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that there are considerable data to support an ecologic cause and potential ecologic risk factors for MRLS. Veterinary practitioners with more detailed knowledge of the ecology in the 7 counties in Kentucky that were investigated may provide additional data that would assist in the deduction of the causal factor of MRLS via informal geographic information systems analyses and suggest factors for inclusion in further investigations.
	Address	Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA. USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15691030			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2630
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	Author	Thomas, K.E.; Annest, J.L.; Gilchrist, J.; Bixby-Hammett, D.M.
	Title	Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2003			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	British Journal of Sports Medicine	Abbreviated Journal	Br J Sports Med
	Volume	40	Issue	7	Pages	619-626
	Keywords	Accident Prevention/methods; Accidental Falls/prevention & control; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control; Child; Child, Preschool; Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data; Female; Head Protective Devices/utilization; Health Promotion; *Horses; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Education; Sex Distribution; United States/epidemiology
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To characterise and provide nationally representative estimates of persons with non-fatal horse related injuries treated in American emergency departments. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) is a stratified probability sample comprising 66 hospitals. Data on injuries treated in these emergency departments are collected and reported. NEISS-AIP data on all types (horseback riding and otherwise) of non-fatal horse related injuries from 2001 to 2003 were analysed. RESULTS: An estimated 102,904 persons with non-fatal horse related injuries (35.7 per 100,000 population) were treated in American emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2003 inclusive. Non-fatal injury rates were higher for females (41.5 per 100,000) than for males (29.8 per 100,000). Most patients were injured while mounted on a horse (66.1%), commonly from falling or being thrown by the horse; while not mounted, injuries most often resulted from being kicked by the horse. The body parts most often injured were the head/neck region (23.2%), lower extremity (22.2%), and upper extremity (21.5%). The most common principal diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (31.4%) and fractures (25.2%). For each year that was studied, an estimated 11 502 people sustained traumatic brain injuries from horse related incidents. Overall, more than 11% of those injured were admitted to hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Horse related injuries are a public health concern not just for riders but for anyone in close contact with horses. Prevention programmes should target horseback riders and horse caregivers to promote helmet use and educate participants about horse behaviour, proper handling of horses, and safe riding practices.
	Address	Office of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA. KEThomas@cdc.gov
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1473-0480	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16611723			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1866
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	Author	Tempelis, C.H.; Nelson, R.L.
	Title	Blood-feeding patterns of midges of the Culicoides variipennis complex in Kern County, California			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Journal of Medical Entomology	Abbreviated Journal	J Med Entomol
	Volume	8	Issue	5	Pages	532-534
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Ceratopogonidae/*immunology; Chickens; Dogs; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses; Humans; Immune Sera; Mice; Precipitin Tests; Rabbits; Rats; Sciuridae; Sheep
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2585	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5160258			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2723
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	Author	Tavernor, W.D.; Lees, P.
	Title	A pharmacological investigation of the influence of suxamethonium on cardiac function in the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1968	Publication	Experientia	Abbreviated Journal	Experientia
	Volume	24	Issue	6	Pages	582-583
	Keywords	Animals; Arrhythmia/chemically induced; Consciousness; Halothane; Heart/innervation; Heart Rate/drug effects; Horses/physiology; Oxygen; Propranolol/pharmacology; Receptors, Sensory/drug effects; Stimulation, Chemical; Succinylcholine/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology; Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology; Tachycardia/chemically induced; Thiopental
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0014-4754	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5697737			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	104
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	Author	Takimoto, A.; Hori, Y.T., K,; Fujita, K.
	Title	*Do horses (Equus caballus) show a preference for a fair person?*			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg
	Volume	in press	Issue		Pages
	Keywords	horses,fairness,horse-human interaction
	Abstract	It is advantageous to identify individuals who are likely to behave fairly and those who are not. This ability to judge others’ fairness seems important for social species to interact or cooperate with their partners. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) have lived with humans for over five thousand years, hence they might have developed sensitivity to human personality. In the present study, we investigated whether horses would discriminate between a person who behaved fairly and a person who behaved unfairly. Specifically, we asked whether horses show a preference for the former. We tested 12 horses (11 thoroughbred and 1 Anglo-Arabian horses) at the horseback-riding club of Kyoto University. They were divided into 6 pairs which consisted of a participant and a partner. A participant was picketed between two polls next to a partner at the hoof washing place. Each horse put his/her mouth in an actor’s hand when the actor (an unfamiliar person) stood in front of them, and then received food from the actor. A fair actor always behaved fairly and gave a small quantity of hay (low-value food) to both of them in return for the task. An unfair actor always behaved unfairly, giving a small quantity of hay to the participant in return for the task, but always giving a piece of carrot (high-value food) to the partner in return for the task. Both actors always stood in front of the partner first, so the partner always did the task and received food from the actor before the participant. Finally, the participant was offered a piece of carrot by the two actors. The participant indicated which offer was accepted by stretching toward the chosen actor. The latter then moved the hand forward to allow the participant to take the food while the other actor’s hand withdrew. The orders (1st or 2nd) and the positions (left or right) of the two actors varied pseudo-randomly across trials. The color of the clothes of the two actors (white or black) was counterbalanced between sessions. We conducted 8 sessions, consisting of 8 experimental trials, across which the actors maintained their respective roles (fair or unfair) of the fair and unfair person. Furthermore, the two actors switched roles across sessions so that they played both roles the same number of times. One session was run per day. If horses can discriminate between fair and unfair people and show a preference for the former, they should choose the former significantly more often than the latter when both actors offered food. The participants showed no overall preference for accepting food from either actor. However, three of six participants showed a side preference. The result of the present study suggests that horses are insensitive to humans’ fairness. Horses may not have expectations about fair treatment.
	Address
	Corporate Author	Takimoto, A.;			Thesis
	Publisher	Xenophon Publishing	Place of Publication	Wald	Editor	Krueger, K.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	978-3-9808134-26	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5510
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	Author	Takimoto, A.; Fujita, K.
	Title	*Are horses (Equus caballus) sensitive to human attentional states?*			Type	Conference Article
	Year	2008	Publication	IESM 2008	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords	Horses; Attentional state; Begging behavior
	Abstract	The ability to reliably detect what others are attending to seems important for social species to interact with their partners. Domestic horses (Equus caballus) have lived with humans for over five thousand years, hence they might have developed sensitivity to human attention. In the present study, we investigated whether horses would discriminate the situation in which a human experimenter could see them from the situation in which she could not. Specifically, we tested whether horses understand the role of eyes in human attentional states, produce more visual gestures when the experimenter can see their begging behaviors and produce more auditory or tactile gestures when she can not. We used with a slight modification the paradigm that previously yielded support for chimpanzee understanding of human attention (Hostetter et al. 2007). Twelve horses were offered food by the experimenter who showed various attentional states in front of them. We scored frequency of begging behaviors by the horses. In experiment 1, we set three kinds of condition: hand over the eyes, hand over the mouth and away. In the last condition there was only a food in front of horses, which was a control condition. The results showed that horses produced more auditory or tactile begging behaviors when the experimenter“s eyes were not visible than when her eyes were visible, but there was no difference in visual begging behaviors. In experiment 2, we set two kinds of condition: eyes closed and eyes open. The horses also produced more auditory or tactile begging behaviors when the experimenter”s eyes were closed than when they were open. However, there was no difference in visual begging behaviors. These results show that horses discriminate the situation in which humans can see from that in which humans can not. Of special interest, horses increased only auditory or tactile behaviors, not all types of communicative behaviors, when the experimenter could not see their begging behaviors. This result suggests that horses are sensitive to human attentional states. Moreover, horses may do recognize the eyes as an important indicator of whether or not humans will respond to their behavior and they may be able to behave flexibly depending upon human attentional states
	Address	Kyoto University
	Corporate Author	Takimoto, A.			Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference	IESM 2008
	Notes	Poster IESM 2008			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4481
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	Author	Takai, S.; Narita, K.; Ando, K.; Tsubaki, S.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil on a horse-breeding farm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	169-177
	Keywords	Actinomycetales/classification/growth & development; Animals; Corynebacterium/classification/growth & development; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horses; Serotyping; *Soil Microbiology
	Abstract	The ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil was studied on a horse-breeding farm. R. equi was cultured from soil at a depth of 0, 10, and 20 cm on the six sites of the farm at monthly intervals for 10 months from March to December of 1983. The highest numbers of R. equi were found in the surface soil. The mean number of bacteria in soil samples at every depth increased remarkably from 0 or 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 of soil in the middle of April, and later decreased gradually. R. equi inoculated into six soil exudate broths prepared from surface soils at separate sites yielded suspensions with different optical densities, indicating differences in growth. The distribution of serotypes in the soil was similar to that in the horses on the farm. These findings indicated that R. equi could multiply in the soil and flourish in the cycle existing between horses and their soil environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3750818			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2683
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	Author	Takai, S.; Fujimori, T.; Katsuzaki, K.; Tsubaki, S.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus equi in horses and their environment on horse-breeding farms			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1987	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	233-239
	Keywords	Actinomycetales Infections/veterinary; Animals; Animals, Newborn/microbiology; Environmental Microbiology; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horse Diseases/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Rhodococcus/isolation & purification
	Abstract	Quantitative culture of R. equi in the feces of dams and foals, in the air of the stalls and in the soil of the paddocks was carried out on three horse-breeding farms during the foaling season. The isolation rates of R. equi from the feces of dams from the 3 farms suddenly increased to approximately 80% at the end of March, when the snow in the paddocks finished melting, and remained at that level during April and May. The mean number of R. equi and the isolation rate of R. equi from the feces of dams on the farms were investigated for 5 weeks before and 5 weeks after delivery. During the 10 weeks, there were no differences in the isolation rate or in the mean number of R. equi from the feces of dams. R. equi was first isolated from the feces of the foals born in February and the middle of March at 3-4 weeks of age, on the other hand, it was first isolated from the feces of foals born in the end of March and April at 1-2 weeks of age. The number of R. equi in the soil collected from the paddocks used by dams during the winter was approximately 10(2)-10(4) g-1 of soil during the experiment. R. equi was isolated from the air in the stalls at the end of March and the number of R. equi in the air increased particularly on dry and windy days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Department of Animal Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3672865			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2679
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