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Author (up) Drummond, H. doi  openurl
  Title Dominance in vertebrate broods and litters Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Quarterly Review of Biology Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 81 Issue 1 Pages 3-32  
  Keywords Aggression; Assessment; Dominance; Individual recognition; Sibling conflict; Trained losing  
  Abstract Drawing on the concepts and theory of dominance in adult vertebrates, this article categorizes the relationships of dominance between infant siblings, identifies the behavioral mechanisms that give rise to those relationships, and proposes a model to explain their evolution. Dominance relationships in avian broods can be classified according to the agonistic roles of dominants and subordinates as “aggression-submission,” “aggression-resistance, ” “aggression-aggression,” “aggression-avoidance,” “rotating dominance,” and “flock dominance.” These relationships differ mainly in the submissiveness/pugnacity of subordinates, which is pivotal, and in the specificity/generality of the learning processes that underlie them. As in the dominance hierarchies of adult vertebrates, agonistic roles are engendered and maintained by several mechanisms, including differential fighting ability, assessment, trained winning and losing (especially in altricial species), learned individual relationships (especially in precocial species), site-specific learning, and probably group-level effects. An evolutionary framework in which the species-typical dominance relationship is determined by feeding mode, confinement, cost of subordination, and capacity for individual recognition, can be extended to mammalian litters and account for the aggression-submission and aggression-resistance observed in distinct populations of spotted hyenas and the “site-specific dominance” (teat ownership) of some pigs, felids, and hyraxes. Little is known about agonism in the litters of other mammals or broods of poikilotherms, but some species of fish and crocodilians have the potential for dominance among broodmates. Copyright © 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.  
  Address Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-275, 04510 D.F., Mexico  
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  Notes Cited By (since 1996): 20; Export Date: 23 October 2008; Source: Scopus Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4559  
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Author (up) Dudchenko, P.A.; Davidson, M. doi  openurl
  Title Rats use a sense of direction to alternate on T-mazes located in adjacent rooms Type Journal Article
  Year 2002 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 115-118  
  Keywords Animals; *Cognition; Male; *Maze Learning; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Space Perception  
  Abstract Lister hooded rats were trained on a forced-sample T-maze alternation task in an environment lacking spatial landmarks. An early study of spontaneous alternation on the T-maze had shown that rats use a “spatial sense” to select alternate maze arms across mazes. As this phenomenon may provide a useful tool for studying the neural substrates of a directional sense, we wished to confirm this finding on a different version of the T-maze task, with well-trained animals. We found that rats successfully selected the appropriate maze arm when the choice phase of the task was presented on a second maze, oriented in the same direction, and located in an adjacent room. However, choice performance fell to chance level when the second maze was oriented 90 degrees relative to the first. This result suggests that the rats do not simply alternate turns across the two environments, but rather that they rely on a sense of direction that is carried across environments.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. p.a.dudchenko@stir.ac.uk  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:12150036 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2608  
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Author (up) Dunbar, R.I.M. doi  openurl
  Title Male and female brain evolution is subject to contrasting selection pressures in primates Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication BMC Biology Abbreviated Journal BMC Biol  
  Volume 5 Issue Pages 21  
  Keywords Animals; *Brain/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Humans; Male; *Selection (Genetics); *Sex Characteristics  
  Abstract The claim that differences in brain size across primate species has mainly been driven by the demands of sociality (the “social brain” hypothesis) is now widely accepted. Some of the evidence to support this comes from the fact that species that live in large social groups have larger brains, and in particular larger neocortices. Lindenfors and colleagues (BMC Biology 5:20) add significantly to our appreciation of this process by showing that there are striking differences between the two sexes in the social mechanisms and brain units involved. Female sociality (which is more affiliative) is related most closely to neocortex volume, but male sociality (which is more competitive and combative) is more closely related to subcortical units (notably those associated with emotional responses). Thus different brain units have responded to different selection pressures.  
  Address British Academy Centenary Research Project, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk  
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  ISSN 1741-7007 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17493267 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2100  
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Author (up) Dunbar, Robin I. M. doi  openurl
  Title The social brain hypothesis Type Journal Article
  Year 1998 Publication Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Abbreviated Journal Evol. Anthropol.  
  Volume 6 Issue 5 Pages 178-190  
  Keywords brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates  
  Abstract Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.  
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  Notes Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4371  
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Author (up) Dvoinos, G.M.; Kharchenko, V.A.; Zviagnitsova, N.S. url  openurl
  Title The characteristics of the helminth community in the Turkmen kulan (Equus hemionus) Type Journal Article
  Year 1992 Publication Parazitologiia Abbreviated Journal Parazitologiia  
  Volume 26 Issue 3 Pages 246-251  
  Keywords Animals; Female; Helminthiasis/parasitology; Helminthiasis, Animal; Helminths/classification/*isolation & purification; Male; Perissodactyla/*parasitology; Turkmenistan; Ukraine  
  Abstract The helminth fauna of 24 kulans from Askaniya-Nova and Badkhyz was studied. 42 species of helminths were found, 34 of which belong to strongylids. The helminth species composition of kulan is similar to that of other species of horses. This is a result of an intensive parasite exchange in the historical past when numerous populations of different Equidae species made long seasonal migrations over steppe inter-river lands of Asia and grazed for some time on common pastures.  
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  Language Russian Summary Language Original Title K kharakteristike soobshchestva gel'mintov turkmenskogo kulana (Equus hemionus)  
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  ISSN 0031-1847 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:1408368 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2285  
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Author (up) Esch, L.; Wöhr, C.; Erhard, M.; Krueger, K. doi  openurl
  Title Horses� (Equus Caballus) Laterality, Stress Hormones, and Task Related Behavior in Innovative Problem-Solving Type Journal Article
  Year 2019 Publication Animals Abbreviated Journal Animals  
  Volume 9 Issue 5 Pages 265  
  Keywords innovative behavior; brain lateralization; glucocorticoid metabolites; behavioral traits; equine cognition  
  Abstract Domesticated horses are constantly confronted with novel tasks. A recent study on anecdotal data indicates that some are innovative in dealing with such tasks. However, innovative behavior in horses has not previously been investigated under experimental conditions. In this study, we investigated whether 16 horses found an innovative solution when confronted with a novel feeder. Moreover, we investigated whether innovative behavior in horses may be affected by individual aspects such as: age, sex, size, motor and sensory laterality, fecal stress hormone concentrations (GCMs), and task-related behavior. Our study revealed evidence for 25% of the horses being capable of innovative problem solving for operating a novel feeder. Innovative horses of the present study were active, tenacious, and may be considered to have a higher inhibitory control, which was revealed by their task related behavior. Furthermore, they appeared to be emotional, reflected by high baseline GCM concentrations and a left sensory and motor laterality. These findings may contribute to the understanding of horses� cognitive capacities to deal with their environment and calls for enriched environments in sports and leisure horse management.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Esch2019 Serial 6570  
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Author (up) Farmer-Dougan, V.; Dougan, J. url  openurl
  Title The Man Who Listens To Behavior: Folk Wisdom And Behavior Analysis From A Real Horse Whisperer Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication JOURNAL OF THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav  
  Volume 72 Issue 1 Pages 139-149  
  Keywords positive reinforcement, aversive control, learned helplessness, language, biological constraints,  
  Abstract The popular novel and movie The Horse Whisperer are based on the work of several real-life horse

whisperers, the most famous of whom is Monty Roberts. Over the last 50 years, Roberts has developed

a technique for training horses that is both more effective and less aversive than traditional training

techniques. An analysis of Roberts` methods (as described in his book, The Man Who Listens to Horses)

indicates a deep understanding of behavioral principles including positive reinforcement, timeout,

species-specific defense reactions, learned helplessness, and the behavioral analysis of language.

Roberts developed his theory and techniques on the basis of personal experience and folk wisdom,

and not as the result of formal training in behavior analysis. Behavior analysts can clearly learn from

such insightful yet behaviorally incorrect practitioners, just as such practitioners can benefit from

the objective science of behavior analysts.
 
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  ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16812908 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1829  
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Author (up) Fenner, K.; Freire, R.; McLean, A.; McGreevy, P. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Behavioral, demographic and management influences on equine responses to negative reinforcement Type Journal Article
  Year 2018 Publication Journal of Veterinary Behavior Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume Issue Pages  
  Keywords Learning; horse management; training; temperament; negative reinforcement  
  Abstract Understanding the factors that influence horse learning is critical to ensure horse welfare and rider safety. In this study, data were obtained from horses (n=96) training to step backwards through a corridor in response to bit pressure. Following training, learning ability was determined by the latency to step backwards through the corridor when handled on the left and right reins. Additionally, horse owners were questioned about each horse's management, training, behavior and signalment (such as horse breed, age and sex). Factors from these four broad domains were examined using a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model, following an Information Theoretic approach, for associations between horses' behavioral attributes and their ability to learn the task. The MLR also included estimates of the rider's ability and experience as well as owner's perceptions of their horse's trainability and temperament. Results revealed several variables including explanatory variables that correlated significantly with rate of learning. Horses were faster at backing, a behavioral trait, when handled on the right (t = 3.65, df = 94, P < 0.001) than the left side. Thoroughbred horses were slower at completing the tests than other breeds of horses when handled on the left side (LM, F1,48=4.5, P=0.04) and right side (LM, F1,45=6.0, P=0.02). Those in regular work, a training factor, did not learn faster than their unworked counterparts on the right rein but completed the task faster on the left rein (F1,44=5.47, P=0.02). This may reflect differences in laterality and habituation effects. In contrast, more anxious horses were faster at completing the test when handled from the right (Spearman, r=-0.22, P=0.04). It is possible that these horses have an increased arousal level when interacting with handlers, resulting in more engagement with the lesson, accounting for the improved performance results. The findings of this study will help clarify how horse behavior, training and management may influence learning and how their application may optimize learning outcomes. Future equine behavior assessment and research questionnaires should include items that assess these qualities.  
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  ISSN 1558-7878 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6400  
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Author (up) Flannery, B. url  doi
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  Title Relational discrimination learning in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1997 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 54 Issue 4 Pages 267-280  
  Keywords Horses; Shaping; Complex discrimination; Concept formation; Generalization ability; Training  
  Abstract This series of studies investigated horses' ability to learn the concept of sameness under several different conditions. Before experimentation began, three horses were shaped to touch individually presented stimuli with their muzzles, and then to make two responses to two matching cards from an array of three. A modified version of the identity matching-to-sample (IMTS) procedure was used to present stimuli in a variety of configural arrangements on a barn wall (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and on a flat panel mounted to a barn door (Experiment 3). The task in each experiment was to select the two stimulus cards that were the same (either circles or Xs) and to avoid the nonmatching stimulus card (either a star or a square). In Experiment 1, the mean accuracy rate for selecting the matching alternatives was 74%. The horses' accuracy levels reached a mean level of 83% during Experiment 2, in which they received additional trials and an intermittent secondary reinforcement schedule. In Experiment 3, when the stimuli were moved further apart from each other within arrangements and were presented on a novel background, the mean accuracy rate was 73%. These data demonstrate that horses can learn complex discrimination problems involving the concept of sameness, and that they are able to generalize this learning to a novel stimulus presentation situation. These results also suggest that a relational discrimination test may be useful for assessing horses' learning ability and the level of training appropriate for individual horses.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3557  
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Author (up) Friederici, A.D.; Alter, K. url  doi
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  Title Lateralization of auditory language functions: a dynamic dual pathway model Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Brain and Language Abbreviated Journal Brain Lang  
  Volume 89 Issue 2 Pages 267-276  
  Keywords Auditory Pathways/physiology; Brain Mapping; Comprehension/*physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology; Frontal Lobe/*physiology; Humans; Nerve Net/physiology; Phonetics; Semantics; Speech Acoustics; Speech Perception/*physiology; Temporal Lobe/*physiology  
  Abstract Spoken language comprehension requires the coordination of different subprocesses in time. After the initial acoustic analysis the system has to extract segmental information such as phonemes, syntactic elements and lexical-semantic elements as well as suprasegmental information such as accentuation and intonational phrases, i.e., prosody. According to the dynamic dual pathway model of auditory language comprehension syntactic and semantic information are primarily processed in a left hemispheric temporo-frontal pathway including separate circuits for syntactic and semantic information whereas sentence level prosody is processed in a right hemispheric temporo-frontal pathway. The relative lateralization of these functions occurs as a result of stimulus properties and processing demands. The observed interaction between syntactic and prosodic information during auditory sentence comprehension is attributed to dynamic interactions between the two hemispheres.  
  Address Max Planck Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, P.O. Box 500 355, 04303 Leipzig, Germany. angelafr@cns.mpg.de  
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  ISSN 0093-934X ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15068909 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4722  
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