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Templeton, J.J.; Giraldeau, L.-A. |
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Title |
Vicarious sampling: the use of personal and public information by starlings foraging in a simple patchy environment |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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38 |
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2 |
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105-114 |
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Social foraging ? Patch sampling ? Public information ? Sturnidae |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Group foragers may be able to assess patch quality more efficiently by paying attention to the sampling activities of conspecifics foraging in the same patch. In a previous field experiment, we showed that starlings foraging on patches of hidden food could use the successful foraging activities of others to help them assess patch quality. In order to determine whether a starling could also use another individual's lack of foraging success to assess and depart from empty patches more quickly, we carried out two experimental studies which compared the behaviour of captive starlings sampling artificial patches both when alone and when in pairs. Solitary starlings were first trained to assess patch quality in our experimental two-patch system, and were then tested on an empty patch both alone and with two types of partner bird. One partner sampled very few holes and thus provided a low amount of public information; the other sampled numerous holes and thus provided a high amount of public information. In experiment 1, we found no evidence of vicarious sampling. Subjects sampled a similar number of empty holes when alone as when with the low and high information partners; thus they continued to rely on their own personal information to make their patch departure decisions. In experiment 2, we modified the experimental patches, increasing the ease with which a bird could watch another's sampling activities, and increasing the difficulty of acquiring accurate personal sampling information. This time, subjects apparently did use public information, sampling fewer empty holes before departure when with the high-information partner than when with the low-information partner, and sampling fewer holes when with the low-information partner than when alone. We suggest that the degree to which personal and public information are used is likely to depend both on a forager's ability to remember where it has already sampled and on the type of environment in which foraging takes place. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4198 |
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Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Changes in herd stallions among feral horse bands and the absence of forced copulation and induced abortion |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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29 |
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3 |
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217-219 |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Forced copulation and induced abortion were investigated in a herd of feral horses inhabiting a coastal barrier island. Eight mares were diagnosed pregnant in August and October 1989 by means of urinary and fecal steroid metabolites, prior to documented changes in herd stallions. These mares were observed for harassment and forced copulation by the new stallions and for the presence of foals during the spring and summer of 1990. No incidents of harassment or attempts at forced copulation were witnessed and seven of the eight mares produced foals in 1990. These data indicate that forced copulation and induced abortion are not common events among all feral horse herds and suggest reinvestigation of this hypothesized phenomenon. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2327 |
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Verdolin, J. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni): testing the resource dispersion hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Beh. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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63 |
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6 |
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789-799 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Few studies have experimentally tested the resource dispersion hypothesis (RDH). In this study, I tested whether space use and social organization of Gunnison’s prairie dog responded to changes in the dispersion and abundance of resources. Food manipulations were carried out during the reproductive and nonreproductive seasons across 2 years. Gunnison’s prairie dog adults responded to the experiments by decreasing territory size as food became patchier in space and time. Both males and females modified their home ranges, with no detectable difference between sexes, either prior to or during the experiments. As food became patchier in space and time, the spatial overlap of adults increased, whereas it decreased as food became more evenly dispersed. The average size of a group, defined as those individuals occupying the same territory, did not change significantly as a result of the experiments. Where changes in the composition and size of groups did occur, there was no indication that such changes were sex specific. Results from this study support critical components of the RDH and strongly suggest that patterns of space use and social structure in Gunnison’s prairie dogs are the result of individual responses to resource abundance and distribution. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5468 |
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Ben-Shahar, R |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Selectivity in large generalist herbivores: feeding patterns of African ungulates in a semi-arid habitat |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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African Journal of Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Afr. J. Ecol. |
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29 |
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4 |
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302-315 |
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diet; forage production; grazing; wildebeest; zebra |
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Feeding habits of free-ranging wildebeest and zebra were monitored in a semi-arid nature reserve, bordering the southwestern part of Kruger National Park, South Africa. The purpose of study was to distinguish and define the feeding niches of two roughage grazers that occur in similar habitat types. The monthly compositions of diets were evaluated by direct observations of feeding bouts over a period of two years when rainfall patterns were average and animal populations were stable. Other analyses evaluated the standing biomass of grass species in the reserve during the wet summer and dry winter seasons.
A considerable overlap of grass species composition was found in the diets of wildebeest and zebra. Ordination of bi-monthly records of the diet composition showed greater variations in scores of grasses in zebra diet in comparison to wildebeest. Seasonal patterns were more apparent in the wildebeest diet. Preference ranking of grass species indicated that zebra diet remained constant in winter and summer. Wildebeest diet however, alternated with seasons, showing high preferences during the winter months for grass species which were rejected during summer.
The combined assessment of results from three separate statistical methods analysing temporal patterns and preferences in diet composition revealed contradictory trends. The solution, however, relied on the initial assumptions posed. Hence, wildebeest and zebra are essentially generalist feeders which show a limited amount of preference in their choice of diet. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2226 |
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Author |
Berger, J.; Cunningham, C. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Size-Related Effects on Search Times in North American Grassland Female Ungulates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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69 |
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1 |
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177-183 |
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no keywords available |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Feeding and searching (= vigilance) rates arise as a result of many interrelated factors including trophic level, diet, reproductive condition, sex, habitat, body mass, and potential predation pressure. Because of unique ecological conditions in which the confounding influences of all but two of these variables could be minimized, we examined the hypothesis that body mass alone accounts for interspecific differences in search times, and tested it with females of four sympatric native North American ungulates (Bison bison, Antilocapra americana, Ovis canadensis, and Odocoileus hemionus). When the effects of group size were controlled, smaller bodied species were more vigilant (per unit body mass) than larger ones. However, search times (ST) also scaled to body mass, and between 81 and 97% of the ST variance was explained by either exponential or power functions. To remove the potential bias that predators exert different influences on species of varying size, search times of bison in areas with and without their major predator, wolves (Canis lupus), were contrasted; search times did not differ between sites. Our results highlight the importance of designing field research that controls for confounding variables prior to attempting to scale behavioral processes to ecological events. See full-text article at JSTOR |
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Ecological Society of America |
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0012-9658 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2233 |
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Author |
Rubenstein, D. I.; Hack, M. A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Horse signals: The sounds and scents of fury |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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Evolutionary Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Ecol. |
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6 |
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3 |
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254-260 |
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ommunication – combat – fighting ability – individual identity – signals – information – assessment – displays |
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During contests animals typically exchange information about fighting ability. Among feral horses these signals involve olfactory or acoustical elements and each type can effectively terminate contests before physical contact becomes necessary. Dung transplant experiments show that for stallions, irrespective of rank, olfactory signals such as dung sniffing encode information about familiarity suggesting that such signals can be used as signatures. As such they can provide indirect information about fighting ability as long as opponents associate identity with past performance. Play-back experiments, however, show that vocalizations, such as squeals, directly provide information about status regardless of stallion familiarity. Sonographs reveal that squeals of dominants are longer than those of subordinates and that only those of dominants have at their onset high-frequency components. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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506 |
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Author |
Ginsberg, J. R; Rubenstein, D. I. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Sperm competiton and variation in zebra mating behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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26 |
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6 |
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427-434 |
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Data are presented on the breeding behavior of two zebra species to test whether intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive behavior and physiology are correlated with differences in female promiscuity. In one species, plains zebra (Equus burchelli) females live in closed membership single male groups and mate monandrously. In the other species, the Grevy's zebra (E. grevyi) females live in groups whose membership is much more temporary. Typically, associations with individual males are brief and mating is polyandrous. However, some females – those having just given birth – reside with one male for long periods, mating monandrously. These differences in female mating behavior generate variability in the potential for sperm competition. We show that behavioral differences in male investment in reproductive activities correlate with the potential for sperm competition. When mating with promiscuous mares, Grevy's zebra stallions made a greater investment in reproductive behavior (calling, mounting, ejaculations) than did stallions of either species when mating with monandrous females. The evolution of large testes size in the Grevy's zebra, when compared to the congeneric plains zebra, horse, and mountain zebra, allows for this increased investment. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1113 |
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Author |
Stamps, J.A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Growth-mortality tradeoffs and 'personality traits' in animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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Ecology Letters |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ecol Lett |
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10 |
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5 |
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355-363 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Growth; *Mortality; *Personality |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Consistent individual differences in boldness, reactivity, aggressiveness, and other 'personality traits' in animals are stable within individuals but vary across individuals, for reasons which are currently obscure. Here, I suggest that consistent individual differences in growth rates encourage consistent individual differences in behavior patterns that contribute to growth-mortality tradeoffs. This hypothesis predicts that behavior patterns that increase both growth and mortality rates (e.g. foraging under predation risk, aggressive defense of feeding territories) will be positively correlated with one another across individuals, that selection for high growth rates will increase mean levels of potentially risky behavior across populations, and that within populations, faster-growing individuals will take more risks in foraging contexts than slower-growing individuals. Tentative empirical support for these predictions suggests that a growth-mortality perspective may help explain some of the consistent individual differences in behavioral traits that have been reported in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and other animals with indeterminate growth. |
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University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. jastamps@ucdavis.edu |
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1461-0248 |
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PMID:17498134 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4100 |
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Author |
Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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41 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
291-309 |
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ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i€erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a€ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di€erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e€ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment.
Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains
several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5227 |
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Author |
Walter, B.; Trillmich, F. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Female aggression and male peace-keeping in a cichlid fish harem: conflict between and within the sexes in Lamprologus ocellatus |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
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Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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34 |
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2 |
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105-112 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Abstract ![sorted by Abstract field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
Conflicts of interest within and between the sexes are important processes leading to variability in mating systems. The behavioral interactions mediating conflict are little documented. We studied pairs and harems of the snail-shell inhabiting cichlid fish Lamprologus ocellatus in the laboratory. Due to their larger size, males controlled the resource that limited breeding: snail shells. Males were able to choose among females ready to spawn. Females were only accepted if they produced a clutch within a few days of settling. When several females attempted to settle simultaneously the larger female settled first. Females were least aggressive when guarding eggs. Secondary females were more likely to settle when the primary female was guarding eggs. In established harems females continued to be aggressive against each other. The male intervened in about 80% of female aggressive interactions. Male intervention activity correlated with the frequency of aggression among the females in his harem. The male usually attacked the aggressor and chased her back to her own snail shell. When a male was removed from his harem, aggression between females increased immediately and usually the secondary female was expelled by the primary female within a few days. Time to harem break-up was shorter the more mobile the primary females' young were and did not correlate with the size difference between harem females. Male L. ocellatus interfere actively in female conflict and keep the harem together against female interests. Female conflict presumably relates to the cost of sharing male parental investment and to the potential of predation by another female's large juveniles on a female's own small juveniles. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5250 |
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