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	Author	Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W.C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C.E.; Wrangham, R.W.; Boesch, C.
	Title	Cultures in chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	399	Issue	6737	Pages	682-685
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Culture; Humans; Pan troglodytes/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
	Address	Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10385119			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	742
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Grandin, T.
	Title	Safe handling of large animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.)	Abbreviated Journal	Occup Med
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	195-212
	Keywords	Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; Occupational Health; Risk Factors; Ruminants/physiology/psychology
	Abstract	The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm.
	Address	Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0885-114X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10329901			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3793
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	Author	Ruggieri, V.
	Title	The running horse stops: the hypothetical role of the eyes in imagery of movement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Perceptual and motor skills	Abbreviated Journal	Percept Mot Skills
	Volume	89	Issue	3 Pt 2	Pages	1088-1092
	Keywords	Adult; Cerebral Cortex/physiology; Eye Movements/physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/physiology; Head/physiology; Humans; Imagination; Models, Neurological; Motion Perception; Movement/physiology; Ocular Physiology; *Optical Illusions; Posture/physiology
	Abstract	To examine the hypothetical role of the eyes in visual mental imagery of movement 72 undergraduate women students in psychology were asked to imagine a running horse and then to produce the same mental image without moving the eyes and the head. In 59% of the subjects interesting modifications of the imagined movement appeared: 37% observed an inhibition of the movement and 19% an evident slowing up of the moving figure. The interpretation of this result was made by hypothesizing that the eyes are concretely involved in visual imagery processes.
	Address	University of Rome La Sapienza
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-5125	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10710755			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	94
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	Author	Matzke, S.M.; Oubre, J.L.; Caranto, G.R.; Gentry, M.K.; Galbicka, G.
	Title	Behavioral and immunological effects of exogenous butyrylcholinesterase in rhesus monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Pharmacol Biochem Behav
	Volume	62	Issue	3	Pages	523-530
	Keywords	Animals; Antibody Formation/drug effects; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Butyrylcholinesterase/immunology/pharmacokinetics/*pharmacology; Cognition/drug effects; Color Perception/drug effects; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects; Discrimination Learning/drug effects; Half-Life; Horses; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Male
	Abstract	Although conventional therapies prevent organophosphate (OP) lethality, laboratory animals exposed to such treatments typically display behavioral incapacitation. Pretreatment with purified exogenous human or equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (Eq-BuChE), conversely, has effectively prevented OP lethality in rats and rhesus monkeys, without producing the adverse side effects associated with conventional treatments. In monkeys, however, using a commercial preparation of Eq-BuChE has been reported to incapacitate responding. In the present study, repeated administration of commercially prepared Eq-BuChE had no systematic effect on behavior in rhesus monkeys as measured by a six-item serial probe recognition task, despite 7- to 18-fold increases in baseline BuChE levels in blood. Antibody production induced by the enzyme was slight after the first injection and more pronounced following the second injection. The lack of behavioral effects, the relatively long in vivo half-life, and the previously demonstrated efficacy of BuChE as a biological scavenger for highly toxic OPs make BuChE potentially more effective than current treatment regimens for OP toxicity.
	Address	Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0091-3057	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10080246			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4064
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	Author	Choleris, E.; Kavaliers, M.
	Title	Social Learning in Animals: Sex Differences and Neurobiological Analysis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.
	Volume	64	Issue	4	Pages	767-776
	Keywords	Observational learning; Social learning; Individual learning; Imitation; Social constraints; Social facilitation; male-female differences; Gender differences
	Abstract	Social learning where an “individual's behavior is influenced by observation of, or interaction with, another animal or its products” has been extensively documented in a broad variety of species, including humans. Social learning occurs within the complex framework of an animal's social interactions that are markedly affected by factors such as dominance hierarchies, family bonds, age, and sex of the interacting individuals. Moreover, it is clear that social learning is influenced not only by important sexually dimorphic social constraints but also that it involves attention, motivational, and perceptual mechanisms, all of which exhibit substantial male-female differences. Although sex differences have been demonstrated in a wide range of cognitive and behavioral processes, investigations of male-female differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates have been largely neglected. As such, sex differences in social learning and its neurobiological substrates merit increased attention. This review briefly considers various aspects of the study of social learning in mammals, and indicates where male-female differences have either been described, neglected and, or could have a potential impact. It also describes the results of neurobiological investigations of social learning and considers the relevance of these findings to other sexually dimorphic cognitive processes.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	575
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	Author	McGrew, W.; Marchant, L.
	Title	Laterality of hand use pays off in foraging success for wild chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	40	Issue	3	Pages	509-513
	Keywords	Biomedical and Life Sciences
	Abstract	The aim of this study was to see if behavioral lateralization in hand use benefits a lateralized organism in nature. We recorded wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe, Tanzania, fishing for termites (Macrotermes spp.), an extractive foraging task using elementary technology. We compared individual apes who were completely lateralized, using only one hand or the other for the task, versus those who were incompletely lateralized, using either hand. Exclusively lateralized individuals were more efficient, that is, gathered more prey per unit effort, but were no different in success or error rate from incompletely lateralized apes. This is the first demonstration of a payoff to laterality of behavioral function in primates in conditions of ecological validity.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Springer Japan	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5368
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	Author	Healy, S.D.; Braham, S.R.; Braithwaite, V.A.
	Title	Spatial working memory in rats: no differences between the sexes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	266	Issue	1435	Pages	2303-2308
	Keywords	Animals; Estrus/metabolism; Female; Male; Memory/*physiology; Rats; Sex Factors; Swimming
	Abstract	In a number of mammalian species, males appear to have superior spatial abilities to females. The favoured explanations for this cognitive difference are hormonal, with higher testosterone levels in males than females leading to better spatial performance, and evolutionary, where sexual selection has favoured males with increased spatial abilities for either better navigational skills in hunting or to enable an increased territory size. However, an alternative explanation for this sex difference focuses on the role of varying levels of oestrogen in females in spatial cognition (the 'fertility and parental care' hypothesis). One possibility is that varying oestrogen levels result in variation in spatial learning and memory so that, when tested across the oestrous cycle, females perform as well as males on days of low oestrogen but more poorly on days of high oestrogen. If day in the oestrous cycle is not taken into account then, across an experiment, any sex differences found would always produce male superiority. We used a spatial working memory task in a Morris water maze to test the spatial learning and memory abilities of male and female rats. The rats were tested across a number of consecutive days during which the females went through four oestrous cycles. We found no overall sex differences in latencies to reach a submerged platform in a Morris water maze but, on the day of oestrus (low oestrogen), females took an extra swim to learn the platform's location (a 100% increase over the other days in the cycle). Female swim speed also varied across the oestrous cycle but females were no less active on the day of oestrus. These results oppose the predictions of the fertility and parental care hypothesis.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, UK. s.healey@ed.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10629980			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2818
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	Author	Drea, C.M.; Wallen, K.
	Title	Low-status monkeys “play dumb” when learning in mixed social groups			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	96	Issue	22	Pages	12965-12969
	Keywords
	Abstract	Many primates, including humans, live in complex hierarchical societies where social context and status affect daily life. Nevertheless, primate learning studies typically test single animals in limited laboratory settings where the important effects of social interactions and relationships cannot be studied. To investigate the impact of sociality on associative learning, we compared the individual performances of group-tested rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) across various social contexts. We used a traditional discrimination paradigm that measures an animal's ability to form associations between cues and the obtaining of food in choice situations; but we adapted the task for group testing. After training a 55-member colony to separate on command into two subgroups, composed of either high- or low-status families, we exposed animals to two color discrimination problems, one with all monkeys present (combined condition), the other in their “dominant” and “subordinate” cohorts (split condition). Next, we manipulated learning history by testing animals on the same problems, but with the social contexts reversed. Monkeys from dominant families excelled in all conditions, but subordinates performed well in the split condition only, regardless of learning history. Subordinate animals had learned the associations, but expressed their knowledge only when segregated from higher-ranking animals. Because aggressive behavior was rare, performance deficits probably reflected voluntary inhibition. This experimental evidence of rank-related, social modulation of performance calls for greater consideration of social factors when assessing learning and may also have relevance for the evaluation of human scholastic achievement.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1073/pnas.96.22.12965			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2093
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	Author	C. K. Hemelrijk,
	Title	An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	266	Issue	1417	Pages	361-361
	Keywords
	Abstract	Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual-orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter-intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio-spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	862
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	Author	Miyashita, Y.; Nakajima, S.; Imada, H.
	Title	Panel-touch behavior of horses established by an autoshaping procedure			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Psychological Reports	Abbreviated Journal	Psychol Rep
	Volume	85	Issue	3 Pt 1	Pages	867-868
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology; Horses/physiology; *Touch
	Abstract	Panel-touch behavior of 3 geldings was successfully established by a response-termination type of autoshaping procedure. An omission or negative contingency introduced after the training of an animal, however, decreased the response rate to a near-zero level.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-2941	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10672748			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1926
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