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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Varieties of learning and memory in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	19	Issue	1	Pages	5-14
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Evolution; Imprinting (Psychology); Learning; Memory; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Taste
	Abstract	It is often assumed that there is more than one kind of learning--or more than one memory system--each of which is specialized for a different function. Yet, the criteria by which the varieties of learning and memory should be distinguished are seldom clear. Learning and memory phenomena can differ from one another across species or situations (and thus be specialized) in a number of different ways. What is needed is a consistent theoretical approach to the whole range of learning phenomena, and one is explored here. Parallels and contrasts in the study of sensory systems illustrate one way to integrate the study of general mechanisms with an appreciation of species-specific adaptations.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8418217			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	380
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	Author	Dougherty, D.M.; Lewis, P.
	Title	Generalization of a tactile stimulus in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	59	Issue	3	Pages	521-528
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Horses; Male; Reinforcement (Psychology); Touch
	Abstract	Using horses, we investigated the control of operant behavior by a tactile stimulus (the training stimulus) and the generalization of behavior to six other similar test stimuli. In a stall, the experimenters mounted a response panel in the doorway. Located on this panel were a response lever and a grain dispenser. The experimenters secured a tactile-stimulus belt to the horse's back. The stimulus belt was constructed by mounting seven solenoids along a piece of burlap in a manner that allowed each to provide the delivery of a tactile stimulus, a repetitive light tapping, at different locations (spaced 10.0 cm apart) along the horse's back. Two preliminary steps were necessary before generalization testing: training a measurable response (lip pressing) and training on several reinforcement schedules in the presence of a training stimulus (tapping by one of the solenoids). We then gave each horse two generalization test sessions. Results indicated that the horses' behavior was effectively controlled by the training stimulus. Horses made the greatest number of responses to the training stimulus, and the tendency to respond to the other test stimuli diminished as the stimuli became farther away from the training stimulus. These findings are discussed in the context of behavioral principles and their relevance to the training of horses.
	Address	Human Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston 77030
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8315368			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3571
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	Author	Clayton, H.M.
	Title	Development of conditioning programs for dressage horses based on time-motion analysis of competitions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	74	Issue	5	Pages	2325-2329
	Keywords	Animals; Horses/physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports; Statistics; Time Factors; Time and Motion Studies; Videotape Recording
	Abstract	The time-motion characteristics of Canadian basic- and medium-level dressage competitions are described, and the results are applied in formulating sport-specific conditioning programs. One competition was analyzed at the six levels from basic 1 to medium 3. Each test was divided into a series of sequences based on the type and speed of activity. The durations of the sequences were measured from videotapes. The basic-level tests had fewer sequences, and they were shorter in distance and duration than the medium tests (P < 0.10), but the average speed did not differ between the two levels. It is recommended that horses competing at the basic levels be conditioned using 5-min exercise periods, with short (10-s) bursts of lengthened trot and canter included at basic 2 and above. In preparation for medium-level competitions, the duration of the work periods increases to 7 min, 10- to 12-s bursts of medium or extended trot and canter are included, and transitions are performed frequently to simulate the energy expenditure in overcoming inertia.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8335563			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3750
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Feldman, J.
	Title	Animal behavior case of the month. Aggression toward a neonatal foal by its dam			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	9	Pages	1279-1280
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Horses/psychology; *Maternal Behavior; Rejection (Psychology); Restraint, Physical/veterinary
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8253618			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	36
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Smith, R.
	Title	Animal behavior case of the month			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	3	Pages	377-378
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Zoo/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/psychology; *Weaning
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8226214			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	37
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	Author	Luescher, U.A.
	Title	More on self-mutilative behavior in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	9	Pages	1252-1253
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Horses/psychology; Male; Self Mutilation
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8253611			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1942
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	Author	McDonnell, S.M.
	Title	More on self-mutilative behavior in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	202	Issue	10	Pages	1545-1546
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Horses/injuries/psychology; Male; Self Mutilation
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8514553			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1943
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	Author	McClure, S.R.; Chaffin, M.K.
	Title	Self-mutilative behavior in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	202	Issue	2	Pages	179-180
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; *Self Mutilation
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8428817			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1944
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	Author	Neveu, P.J.
	Title	Brain Lateralization and Immunomodulation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	International Journal of Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Int J Neurosci
	Volume	70	Issue	1-2	Pages	135-143
	Keywords	Psychoneuroimmunology, brain lateralization
	Abstract	The two sides of the brain may be differently involved in the modulation of immune responses as demonstrated by lesional and behavioral approaches in rodents. Lesions of right or left neocortex induced opposite effects on various immune parameters including mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 production, macrophage activation or natural killer cell activity. This animal model, useful to elucidate whereby the brain and the immune system can communicate, appears to be suitable for studying the immune perturbations observed during stroke in humans. Brain asymmetry in modulation of immune reactivity may also be demonstrated in intact animal using a behavioral paradigm. The direction of a lateralized motor behavior ie paw preference in a food reaching task, correlated with an asymmetrical brain organization, was shown to be associated with lymphocyte reactivity, natural killer cell activity and auto-antibody production. The association between paw preference and immune reactivity in mice varies according to the immune parameters tested and is a sex-dependent phenomenon in which genetic background may be involved. The experimental models for investigating asymmetrical brain modulation of the immune system should be useful for studying several physiological, pathological and genetic aspects of neuroimmunomodulation.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Informa Clin Med	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0020-7454	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.3109/00207459309000569			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5778
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	Author	Beveridge, W.I.
	Title	Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Hist Philos Life Sci
	Volume	15	Issue	1	Pages	23-32
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/history/microbiology/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history
	Abstract	For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0391-9714	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8310117			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2667
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