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Sakai, M.; Hishii, T.; Takeda, S.; Kohshima, S. |
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Title |
Laterality of flipper rubbing behaviour in wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus): Caused by asymmetry of eye use? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behavioural Brain Research |
Abbreviated Journal  |
Behav. Brain. Res. |
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Volume |
170 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
204-210 |
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Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin; Tursiops aduncus; Social behaviour; Contact behaviour; Flipper rubbing; Behavioural laterality; Eye use; Cerebral asymmetry |
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To determine whether wild Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) at Mikura Island, Japan, show asymmetry of eye or flipper use during a social behaviour, we investigated the laterality of flipper-to-body (F-B) rubbing, in which one dolphin (“rubber”) rubs the body of another (“rubbee”) with its flipper. We analysed 382 episodes of video-recorded F-B rubbings performed by identified individuals (N = 111 rubbers). F-B rubbing was conducted significantly more frequently with the left flipper than with the right flipper. The duration of F-B rubbings was also significantly longer with the left flipper than with the right flipper. Of 20 dolphins, nine individuals showed significant left-side bias as the rubber in this behaviour, whereas no dolphins showed significant right-side bias. The results indicate a population-level left-side bias of the rubber in F-B rubbing. An analysis of the swimming configurations during this behaviour suggests that the asymmetry in F-B rubbing was caused not only by the laterality of the rubber, but by a preference for use of the left eye in both dolphins during this behaviour. Dolphins used the left eye significantly more frequently than the right eye during the inquisitive behaviour, while they showed no significant bias in flipper use during the object-carrying behaviour. These facts also suggest that the asymmetry of F-B rubbing is caused by the preference for using the left eye. Significant left-side bias was observed only in F-B rubbings initiated by the rubbee, in which the rubbee determined its position during this behaviour. This suggests that this behavioural asymmetry was enhanced by the rubbees choosing the left side of the rubber to ensure better and longer rubs. |
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0166-4328 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5347 |
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Author |
Lusseau, D.; Conradt, L. |
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Title |
The emergence of unshared consensus decisions in bottlenose dolphins |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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63 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1067-1077 |
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Behavioral ecology – Decision-making process – Bottlenose dolphin – Group living |
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Abstract Unshared consensus decision-making processes, in which one or a small number of individuals make the decision for the rest of a group, are rarely documented. However, this mechanism can be beneficial for all group members when one individual has greater knowledge about the benefits of the decision than other group members. Such decisions are reached during certain activity shifts within the population of bottlenose dolphins residing in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Behavioral signals are performed by one individual and seem to precipitate shifts in the behavior of the entire group: males perform side flops and initiate traveling bouts while females perform upside-down lobtails and terminate traveling bouts. However, these signals are not observed at all activity shifts. We find that, while side flops were performed by males that have greater knowledge than other male group members, this was not the case for females performing upside-down lobtails. The reason for this could have been that a generally high knowledge about the optimal timing of travel terminations rendered it less important which individual female made the decision. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5109 |
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Foster, T.M.; Matthews, L.R.; Temple, W.; Poling, A. |
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Title |
Concurrent schedule performance in domestic goats: persistent undermatching |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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40 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
231-237 |
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Matching equation; Undermatching; Variable-interval schedule; Nose-press response; Goats |
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Performance of nine domestic goats responding under concurrent variable-interval variable-interval schedules of food delivery was examined, with results analyzed in terms of the generalized matching equation. Substantial undermatching of response and time allocation ratios to obtained reinforcement ratios was evident. Post-reinforcement pause time ratios approximately matched obtained reinforcement ratios. Subtracting these times from total time allocation values yielded net time allocation ratios, which undermatched obtained reinforcement ratios to a greater degree than whole-session time allocation ratios. Slopes of regression lines relating behavioral outputs to environmental inputs characteristically were below 0.6, which is similar to previous findings in dairy cows tested under comparable conditions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3602 |
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Author |
Kilian, A.; Fersen, L. von; Güntürkün, O. |
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Title |
Left hemispheric advantage for numerical abilities in the bottlenose dolphin |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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68 |
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2 |
Pages |
179-184 |
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Keywords |
Bottlenose dolphin; Hemispheric specialization; Monocular vision; Numerical ability |
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In a two-choice discrimination paradigm, a bottlenose dolphin discriminated relational dimensions between visual numerosity stimuli under monocular viewing conditions. After prior binocular acquisition of the task, two monocular test series with different number stimuli were conducted. In accordance with recent studies on visual lateralization in the bottlenose dolphin, our results revealed an overall advantage of the right visual field. Due to the complete decussation of the optic nerve fibers, this suggests a specialization of the left hemisphere for analysing relational features between stimuli as required in tests for numerical abilities. These processes are typically right hemisphere-based in other mammals (including humans) and birds. The present data provide further evidence for a general right visual field advantage in bottlenose dolphins for visual information processing. It is thus assumed that dolphins possess a unique functional architecture of their cerebral asymmetries. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5366 |
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Author |
Lindsay, F.E.; Burton, F.L. |
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Observational study of “urine testing” in the horse and donkey stallion |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
330-336 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Horses/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Male; Nasal Septum; Nose/anatomy & histology; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology; Perissodactyla/*physiology; Sex Attractants/urine; Smell/physiology |
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Although “urine testing” is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ complex. The significance and probable function of these events in urine testing is discussed. |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:6641679 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1955 |
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Author |
Beveridge, W.I. |
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Title |
Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Hist Philos Life Sci |
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15 |
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1 |
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23-32 |
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Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/microbiology/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history |
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For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus. |
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0391-9714 |
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PMID:8310117 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2667 |
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Brennan, P.A. |
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Title |
The nose knows who's who: chemosensory individuality and mate recognition in mice |
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2004 |
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Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm Behav |
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46 |
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3 |
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231-240 |
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Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Embryo Implantation/physiology; Female; Individuality; Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology; Male; Mice; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Nose/cytology/physiology; Perception/physiology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Maintenance/physiology; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology; Recognition (Psychology)/*physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Smell/*physiology; Urine/physiology; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/physiology |
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Individual recognition is an important component of behaviors, such as mate choice and maternal bonding that are vital for reproductive success. This article highlights recent developments in our understanding of the chemosensory cues and the neural pathways involved in individuality discrimination in rodents. There appear to be several types of chemosensory signal of individuality that are influenced by the highly polymorphic families of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins or major urinary proteins (MUPs). Both have the capability of binding small molecules and may influence the individual profile of these chemosignals in biological fluids such as urine, skin secretions, or saliva. Moreover, these proteins, or peptides associated with them, can be taken up into the vomeronasal organ (VNO) where they can potentially interact directly with the vomeronasal receptors. This is particularly interesting given the expression of major histocompatibility complex Ib proteins by the V2R class of vomeronasal receptor and the highly selective responses of accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) mitral cells to strain identity. These findings are consistent with the role of the vomeronasal system in mediating individual discrimination that allows mate recognition in the context of the pregnancy block effect. This is hypothesized to involve a selective increase in the inhibitory control of mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb at the first level of processing of the vomeronasal stimulus. |
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Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. pab23@cus.cam.ac.uk |
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0018-506X |
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PMID:15325224 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4191 |
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Author |
Stout, I.J.; Clifford, C.M.; Keirans, J.E.; Portman, R.W. |
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Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acarina: Ixodidae) established in southeastern Washington and northern Idaho |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1971 |
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Journal of Medical Entomology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Med Entomol |
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8 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
143-147 |
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Animals; Arthropod Vectors; Disease Reservoirs/*epidemiology; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Horses; Humans; Idaho; Larva; Male; Seasons; Sheep; Tick Infestations/*epidemiology/veterinary; Ticks/*classification; Washington; Zoonoses |
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0022-2585 |
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PMID:5157834 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2729 |
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Author |
Alexander, D.J. |
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Title |
Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review |
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Year |
1982 |
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Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |
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J R Soc Med |
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75 |
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10 |
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799-811 |
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Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/genetics/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/microbiology/*transmission/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses/transmission |
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0141-0768 |
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PMID:6752410 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2689 |
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Author |
Kida, H. |
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[Ecology of influenza viruses in animals and the mechanism of emergence of new pandemic strains] |
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1997 |
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Nippon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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Nippon Rinsho |
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55 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
2521-2526 |
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Animals; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza, Human/transmission/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses |
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Ecological studies on influenza viruses revealed that the hemagglutinin genes are introduced into new pandemic strains from viruses circulating in migratory ducks through domestic ducks and pigs in southern China. Experimental infection of pigs with 38 avian influenza virus strains with H1-H13 hemagglutinins showed that at least one strain of each HA subtype replicated in the upper respiratory tract of pigs. Co-infection of pigs with a swine virus and with an avian virus generated reassortant viruses. The results indicate that avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the generation of reassortants. Virological surveillance revealed that influenza viruses in waterfowl reservoir are perpetuated year-by-year in the frozen lake water while ducks are absent. |
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Department of Disease Control, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine |
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Japanese |
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0047-1852 |
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PMID:9360367 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2654 |
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