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Sasväri, L. (1985). Different Observational Learning Capacity in Juvenile and Adult Individuals of Congeneric Bird Species. Z. Tierpsychol., 69(4), 293–304.
Abstract: Abstract and Summary: Since the adaptive significance of social organization is emphasized diversely in both anti-predator behaviour and food searching of birds, measures and comparisons of observational learning capacity of various species are needed. Four different experimental situations were built up for juvenile and adult individuals of tits (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) and thrushes (Turdus merula, T. philo-melos). The birds learn more easily from conspecifics and learn easily when they already know a previous problem solving situation. The capacity of observational learning of the adult great tits surpasses that of adult blue tits and marsh tits, and that of the adult blackbirds exceeds that of the adult songthrushes. The higher performance of the great tit and blackbird can be related to their greater hemispheric index. The differences in the learning capacity of the naive individuals of the three tit species and that of the two thrush species were not significant. It is suggested, that the higher observational learning of the great tit and blackbird is evolved through maturational processes and can be reflected by their greater adaptability. Zusammenfassung: Lernen durch Nachahmung wurde in vier verschiedenen Situationen mit jungen und alten Individuen von Meisen- (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) und Drosselarten (Turdus merula, T. philomelos) untersucht. Die Vögel lernten besser von Artgenossen und lernten leicht, wenn sie vorher bereits eine Problemlösungssituation kannten. Die Lernfähigkeit (durch Nachahmung) alter Kohlmeisen übertraf die alter Blau- und Sumpfmeisen; die Lernfähigkeit alter Amseln übertraf die alter Singdrosseln. Die höhere Leistung der Kohlmeisen und Amseln hängt mit ihrem höheren Hemisphären-Index zusammen. Naive Individuen der Meisen- und Drosselarten zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in ihrer Lernfähigkeit. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die höhere Lernfähigkeit der Kohlmeise und der Amsel im Laufe der Entwicklung durch Reifungsprozesse zustande kommt und sich in ihrer höheren Anpassungsfähig-keit widerspiegelt.
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SCHILDER MBH et al,. (1984). A quantitative analysis of facial expressions in the plains zebra. Z. Tierpsychol., 66, 11–32.
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Schloeth, R. (1961). Das Sozialleben des Camargue-Rindes. Z. Tierpsychol., 18(5), 574–627.
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Trumler E,. (1959). Das “Rossigkeitsgesicht” und ähnliches Ausdrucksverhalten bei Einhufern. Z. Tierpsychol., 16, 478–488.
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von Goldschmidt-Rothschild, V. B., & Tschanz, B. (1978). Soziale Organisation und Verhalten einer Jungtierherde beim Camargue-Pferd. Z. Tierpsychol., 46, 372–400.
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Wagner, G. (1975). [Flight leadership in flocks of homing pigeons]. Z. Tierpsychol., (39), 61–74.
Abstract: Groups of 3-5 homing pigeons individually recognizable by different colours of their plumage were followed by helicopter on their way home. In most cases the animals flew together as a group with frequently changing leadership. Flight formations in terms of leadership were noted every minute. It was examined statistically whether the flight order varies at random or whether there are leading and led birds. In 6 out of 7 experiments with groups of 4-5 pigeons flight order was far from random, one or two pigeons proving to be leaders. In only one experiment leadership did not differ from a random distribution. No correlation could be found between the tendency to lead within a group and homing performance of the single pigeon when released individually.
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Wells Sm, G. - R. (1979). Social behaviour and relationship in a herd of Carmargue horses. Z. Tierpsychol., 49, 363–380.
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Woodward Sl,. (1979). The social system of feral asses. Z. Tierpsychol., 49, 304–316.
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Zannier,. (1965). Vergleichende Verhaltensuntersuchung ber das Hinlegen und Aufstehen bei Huftieren. Z. Tierpsychol., 22, 696–723.
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Zeeb K,. (1959). Die “Unterlegenheitsgebärde” des noch nicht ausgewachsenen Pferdes (E.caballus). Z. Tierpsychol., 16, 489–496.
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