Aberle, K. S., Hamann, H., Drögemüller, C., & Distl, O. (2004). Genetic diversity in German draught horse breeds compared with a group of primitive, riding and wild horses by means of microsatellite DNA markers. Anim. Gen., 35(4), 270–277.
Abstract: Summary We compared the genetic diversity and distance among six German draught horse breeds to wild (Przewalski's Horse), primitive (Icelandic Horse, Sorraia Horse, Exmoor Pony) or riding horse breeds (Hanoverian Warmblood, Arabian) by means of genotypic information from 30 microsatellite loci. The draught horse breeds included the South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Mecklenburg Coldblood, Saxon Thuringa Coldblood, Black Forest Horse and Schleswig Draught Horse. Despite large differences in population sizes, the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) differed little among the heavy horse breeds (0.64�0.71), but was considerably lower than in the Hanoverian Warmblood or Icelandic Horse population. The mean number of alleles (NA) decreased more markedly with declining population sizes of German draught horse breeds (5.2�6.3) but did not reach the values of Hanoverian Warmblood (NA = 6.7). The coefficient of differentiation among the heavy horse breeds showed 11.6% of the diversity between the heavy horse breeds, as opposed to 21.2% between the other horse populations. The differentiation test revealed highly significant genetic differences among all draught horse breeds except the Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldbloods. The Schleswig Draught Horse was the most distinct draught horse breed. In conclusion, the study demonstrated a clear distinction among the German draught horse breeds and even among breeds with a very short history of divergence like Rhenish German Draught Horse and its East German subpopulations Mecklenburg and Saxon Thuringa Coldblood.
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Berger J,. (1987). Reproductive fates of dispersers in a harem-dwelling ungulate: the wild horse. Mammalian dispersal Patterns, , 41–54.
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Boice, R. (1981). Behavioral comparability of wild and domesticated rats. Behav Genet, 11(5), 545–553.
Abstract: The oft-repeated concern for the lack of behavioral comparability of domestic rats with wild forms of Rattus norvegicus is unfounded. Laboratory rats appear to show the potential for all wild-type behaviors, including the most dramatic social postures. Moreover, domestics are capable of assuming a feral existence without difficulty, one where they readily behave in a fashion indistinguishable from wild rats. The one behavioral difference that is clearly established concerns performance in laboratory learning paradigms. The superiority of domestics in these laboratory tasks speaks more to quieting the concerns of degeneracy theorists than to problems of using domestic Norway rats as subjects representative of their species.
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Bouchard, T. J. J., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behav Genet, 31(3), 243–273.
Abstract: There is abundant evidence, some of it reviewed in this paper, that personality traits are substantially influenced by the genes. Much remains to be understood about how and why this is the case. We argue that placing the behavior genetics of personality in the context of epidemiology, evolutionary psychology, and neighboring psychological domains such as interests and attitudes should help lead to new insights. We suggest that important methodological advances, such as measuring traits from multiple viewpoints, using large samples, and analyzing data by modern multivariate techniques, have already led to major changes in our view of such perennial puzzles as the role of “unshared environment” in personality. In the long run, but not yet, approaches via molecular genetics and brain physiology may also make decisive contributions to understanding the heritability of personality traits. We conclude that the behavior genetics of personality is alive and flourishing but that there remains ample scope for new growth and that much social science research is seriously compromised if it does not incorporate genetic variation in its explanatory models.
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Bouman Jg,. (1979). Breeding Przewalski horse in captivity. In L. E. M. de Boer, J. Bouman, & I. Bouman (Eds.), Genetics and Herdeditary Diseases of the Przewalski horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse.
Abstract: Boer, Leobert E.M. de, and Jan & Inge Bouman, eds. Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse 1979. 176p, several photos and charts. Reproduced from typescript, as issued. Very good paperbound (covers shelf-soiled). ** Publishes 18 papers given at the Arnhem Study-Conference of 1978, on many aspects of breeding Przewalski horses, their behavior, etc.
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Bouman Jg,. (1979). A possible stallion exchange strategy in order to decrease inbreeding in the Przewalski horse. In L. E. M. de Boer, J. Bouman, & I. Bouman (Eds.), Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski horse (119). Rotterdam: er Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse.
Abstract: Boer, Leobert E.M. de, and Jan & Inge Bouman, eds. Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse 1979. 176p, several photos and charts. Reproduced from typescript, as issued. Very good paperbound (covers shelf-soiled). ** Publishes 18 papers given at the Arnhem Study-Conference of 1978, on many aspects of breeding Przewalski horses, their behavior, etc.
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Bouman Jg,. (1979). Does inbreeding ocur in free living horses? In L. E. M. de Boer, J. Bouman, & I. Bouman (Eds.), Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski horse (pp. 125–132). Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse.
Abstract: Boer, Leobert E.M. de, and Jan & Inge Bouman, eds. Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse 1979. 176p, several photos and charts. Reproduced from typescript, as issued. Very good paperbound (covers shelf-soiled). ** Publishes 18 papers given at the Arnhem Study-Conference of 1978, on many aspects of breeding Przewalski horses, their behavior, etc.
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Bouman-Heinsdijk I,. (1979). Does inbreeding occur in free living horses? In L. E. M. de Boer, J. Bouman, & I. Bouman (Eds.), Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse.
Abstract: Boer, Leobert E.M. de, and Jan & Inge Bouman, eds. Genetics and Hereditary Diseases of the Przewalski Horse. Rotterdam: Foundation for the Preservation and Protection of the Przewalski Horse 1979. 176p, several photos and charts. Reproduced from typescript, as issued. Very good paperbound (covers shelf-soiled). ** Publishes 18 papers given at the Arnhem Study-Conference of 1978, on many aspects of breeding Przewalski horses, their behavior, etc.
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Breen, M., Downs, P., Irvin, Z., & Bell, K. (1994). Intrageneric amplification of horse microsatellite markers with emphasis on the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii). Anim Genet, 25(6), 401–405.
Abstract: Primer sequences flanking 13 microsatellite loci isolated from the domestic horse (E. caballus) were successfully used to amplify homologous loci in the Przewalski's horse (E. przewalskii). The results demonstrate that the level of polymorphism at all 13 loci in the Przewalski's horse was comparable to that in the domestic horse and the overall exclusion probability in the Przewalski's horse was calculated to be 0.9994. The results suggest that it should be possible to use E. caballus-derived microsatellite markers to provide parentage verification and additional valuable information to the captive management of E. przewalskii. The ability to amplify corresponding loci in the remaining five species of the genus was also confirmed, illustrating the general application of markers isolated from the domestic horse to the evaluation of polymorphism in the other six species of the genus.
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Hedrick, P. W., Parker, K. M., Miller, E. L., & Miller, P. S. (1999). Major Histocompatibility Complex Variation in the Endangered Przewalski's Horse. Genetics, 152(4), 1701–1710.
Abstract: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a fundamental part of the vertebrate immune system, and the high variability in many MHC genes is thought to play an essential role in recognition of parasites. The Przewalski's horse is extinct in the wild and all the living individuals descend from 13 founders, most of whom were captured around the turn of the century. One of the primary genetic concerns in endangered species is whether they have ample adaptive variation to respond to novel selective factors. In examining 14 Przewalski's horses that are broadly representative of the living animals, we found six different class II DRB major histocompatibility sequences. The sequences showed extensive nonsynonymous variation, concentrated in the putative antigen-binding sites, and little synonymous variation. Individuals had from two to four sequences as determined by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. On the basis of the SSCP data, phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences, and segregation in a family group, we conclude that four of these sequences are from one gene (although one sequence codes for a nonfunctional allele because it contains a stop codon) and two other sequences are from another gene. The position of the stop codon is at the same amino-acid position as in a closely related sequence from the domestic horse. Because other organisms have extensive variation at homologous loci, the Przewalski's horse may have quite low variation in this important adaptive region. N1 -
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