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Author |
Hinrichs, T. |
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Title |
Gruppen Management in Aktiv Ställen |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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In einem Aktivstall leben die Pferde in einer Gruppe und sind im ständigen Sozialkontakt mit ihren Artgenossen. Getrennte Funktionsbereiche kennzeichnen das Konzept. Das Kernstück eines Aktivstalles ist die automatisierte Fütterung für Kraft,- Mineral,- und Raufutter. Sie gewährleistet die bedarfsgerechte Fütterung und regt die Pferde zur vermehrten Bewegungsaktivität an. Die Gestaltung der Funktionsbereiche eines Aktivstalles hängt von mehreren Faktoren wie den örtlichen Gegebenheiten, geplanter Gruppengröße und -zusammensetzung sowie betriebs- und arbeitwirtschaftlichen Aspekten ab.
Die Grundlage für die Planung eines Aktivstall – Konzeptes sind die laufenden Erkenntnisgewinne aus Wissenschaft und Forschung, die praktischen Erfahrungen auf Pferdebetrieben sowie die länderspezifischen, offiziellen Richtlinien und Bestimmungen zur Pferdehaltung.
So sind z. B. in Deutschland die aktuellen Untersuchungen zu den Themen automatisierte Fütterungssysteme und Liegeflächengestaltung im Ruheraum von Frau Dr. Zeitler – Feicht und ihrem Team, den ca. 500 Aktivstallbetrieben und den seit dem Jahr 2009 geltenden Leitlinien zur Pferdehaltung unter Tierschutzgesichtspunkten wesentliche Bestimmungsparameter für die Weiterentwicklung des Aktivstall – Konzeptes.
Auf dem IESM 2012 wird den Teilnehmern das Gruppenmanagement in Aktivställen am Beispiel von Praxisbetrieben vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, eine kontinuierliche Verbesserung der Pferdehaltung im Sinne des Tierschutzes in Verbindung mit der Nutzung der Pferde zu erreichen. |
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Hinrichs, T. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Public Day |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5567 |
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Author |
Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Konfliktlösungsstrategien der Menschen und Pferde |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Abstract Missing KW - |
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Krüger, K. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5566 |
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Author |
Stucke, D.; Lebelt, D. |
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Title |
“Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) – Erforschung von Schmerzindikatoren am Pferd” |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Das EU-Projekt AWIN (Animal Welfare Indicators) hat zum Ziel, ein weltweites Netzwerk zum Thema Tierschutz und Wohlbefinden von Tieren zu erstellen, durch welches Forschungsergebnisse und neue Erkenntnisse ausgetauscht werden können. Diese Informationen sollen auch dem Gesetzgeber zur Verfügung gestellt werden, um neue Gesetze auf wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen beschließen zu können. Des Weiteren soll diese Plattform zu Trainingszwecken genutzt werden, damit Personen, die im Bereich Tierschutz arbeiten, sich fortbilden können.
In vier Arbeitsgruppen wird am Tier zum Thema Wohlbefinden und Schmerz geforscht. In der ersten Arbeitsgruppe werden Beurteilungsprotokolle für Ziegen, Schafe, Pferde, Esel und Puten erarbeitet, um Wohlbefinden und Schmerz objektiv bestimmen zu können. Dabei geht es sowohl um die Erfassung individueller Parameter, als auch um haltungsbedingte Parameter wie Tierdichte, Gruppengröße oder Mensch-Tier-Interaktion. Das Ziel dieser Protokolle ist die einfache Anwendbarkeit auf große Tierbestände.
Die zweite Arbeitsgruppe erforscht die Beziehung zwischen Wohlbefinden und Krankheit bzw. Schmerz. Der Einfluss von akuten oder chronischen Schmerzen kann das Wohlbefinden erheblich beeinträchtigen. Anhand des Krankheitsbildes der akuten und chronischen Hufrehe sowie durch den chirurgischen Eingriff einer Kastration an gesunden Pferden sollen Schmerzindikatoren am Pferd erforscht werden. Die akute Hufrehe dient als Modell für sehr starke Schmerzen. Die Schmerz-assoziierten physiologischen Parameter Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Zytokinreaktion im Blut werden bestimmt. Mit einem Schmerzbeurteilungsbogen werden außerdem ethologische Parameter wie z. B. Körperhaltung, Kopfbewegungen, Lahmheitsgrad, abnormale Gewichtsverlagerungen, Mensch-Pferd-Interaktionsverhalten und weitere physiologischen Parameter wie Atemfrequenz, Herzfrequenz, Darmgeräusch und Körpertemperatur erhoben. Durch das Krankheitsbild der chronischen Hufrehe sollen die ermittelten Schmerz-assoziierten Parameter auf ihre Aussagefähigkeit auch für weniger starke Schmerzen überprüft werden. In der Kastrationsstudie werden Basiswerte ohne Schmerzen vor dem chirurgischen Eingriff erhoben und mit den Werten nach der Kastration verglichen. Neben den oben genannten Parametern werden zusätzlich Cortisolmetaboliten im Kot bestimmt und es werden Videoaufzeichnungen von der Mimik des Pferdes gemacht und ausgewertet. Außerdem soll der Einsatz von Schmerzmitteln vor und nach der Kastration und deren Einfluss auf das Befinden des Pferdes nach der Operation erforscht werden. Das Forschungsziel der zweiten Arbeitsgruppe ist die Bestimmung von geeigneten Messparametern, durch die Schmerz objektiv beurteilt werden kann.
Die dritte Arbeitsgruppe beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss von pränatal erlebtem Stress auf die Individualentwicklung des Fohlens. Veränderungen in der Herdenstruktur, soziale Isolation oder abruptes Absetzen des letzten Fohlens während sensibler Trächtigkeitsphasen beeinflussen die tragende Stute und den Foetus. Nach der Geburt wird das Verhalten der Mutterstute und die Entwicklung des neugeborenen Fohlens beobachtet.
In der vierten Arbeitsgruppe schließlich wird das wissenschaftliche Netzwerk zusammengesetzt. Neben wissenschaftlichen Forschungsergebnissen und Publikationen werden auch Lernmaterialien („learning objects“) erarbeitet und zur Verfügung gestellt. „Learning objects“ sind digitale Lernmaterialien, in denen spielerisch Stück für Stück der Lerninhalt interaktiv erarbeitet werden kann. |
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Corporate Author |
Stucke, D. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5564 |
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Author |
Hillgruber, F.; Zipf, G. |
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Title |
Humans and Horses 300.000 years ago – An approach to public presentation in the research and experience centre Schöningen spears |
Type |
Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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We are introducing a new research and experience center located near the stripmine of Schöningen in western Germany, one of the most important archaeological sites in the world, which is scheduled to open its doors in 2013. The 1995 discovery of wooden hunting spears (Thieme 1997) in conjunction with the remains of hunted and butchered horses (Equus mosbachensis) contributed significantly to change the scientific view of early European Hominids being “marginal scavengers” (Binford 1981, Gamble 1987) to skilled hunters. The remains of at least 19 horses were unearthed along a former lakeshore. Initial publications demonstrate early hominid butchery systematics designed to achieve a thorough acquisition of horse products (Voormolen 2008). In order to get a better understanding of the possible hunting scenario (Thieme 2007) knowledge of wild horse behaviour is of primary interest. The exhibit section of the new center is developed to present an experience oriented concept. Access to artefacts, such as the over 300.000 year old spears, is correlated with exhibits concerning Pleistocene horse morphology, group structure and behaviour of modern day wild horses in order to draw a vivid image of the past |
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Hillgruber, F. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5563 |
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Author |
Pick, D.; Krueger, K. |
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Title |
Heuristics and complex decisions in man and horses |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Darwin’s claim of differences in mental abilities between man and other animals is a matter of degree rather than of kind and appears to apply nicely to a comparison of choice behaviour in humans and equine. Humans and horses make two kinds of decisions, fast reflexive decisions based on heuristics, and slower more considered decisions that require more complex cognitive processing. Heuristic use is adaptive in that decisions based on them are most often useful in helping an organism to survive while requiring little time and cognitive effort. There is considerable evidence that there is an innate basis to many heuristics in humans as well as horses. A case will be made that the investigation of heuristics specific to horses will lead to an understanding of equine behaviour that has not been possible using traditional learning theories alone. Traditional learning theories are restricted in explaining behaviour to appeals to reinforcement regimes or to the formation of associations between novel stimuli and stimuli that cause innate reflexes, but they are of no use when behaviour is controlled by stimuli that have never been reinforced or been systematically paired with other stimuli that cause reflexive responses. For example, a horse in a two-choice discrimination task may choose a familiar stimulus which has never been reinforced over a new stimulus added to the discrimination task, simply due to the use of an heuristic that usually works -- when in doubt, choose a more familiar object over an unfamiliar one. Conflict resolution strategies provide another good example of heuristic vs. slow decision making. In both humans and horses, conflict resolution strategies are used within, but not typically between social groups. Such groups can be defined as community of interest. Depending on the resource that has to be defended, groups may well be small identities, such as human families or horse harems, or large aggregations such as herds in horses, or religious groups or nations in humans. Fast and simple resolution is possible with stable social identities in simple environments, but more complicated and time consuming deliberative processes are required to resolve conflict over long-term resource acquisition, for decisions in complex conflicts situations and complex social settings. |
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Corporate Author |
Pick, D.; Krüger, K. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5558 |
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Author |
Shultz, S. |
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Title |
Are equid brains social? Exploring the evolution of equid social structure and social intelligence |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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The living equids display a variety of different forms of social organisation; plains (Equus quagga) and mountain zebra (Equus zebra) associate in small, closed harems, whereas the asses and Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi) are found in looser, more ephemeral associations. Feral domestic horses appear to be somewhat intermediate: although stallions generally maintain harems, there is some movement of individuals between groups. This talk will use several statistical approached to explore evolutionary explanations for these differences. Firstly, we will explore the relationship between brain architecture and social organisation both among the equids and across all Perissodactyls. Equids have larger relative neocortices than other Perissodactyls; within the equids, species typically found in more stable groups have larger neocortices than equids in more unstable ephemeral groups. The strong relationship between group stability and brain size and architecture mirrors that found in other mammals, including primates. Thus, living in stable social groups consistently appears to impose cognitive demands across species. In order to understand the historical trajectory resulting in the relatively large, social brains found in some species, we then reconstruct the evolutionary pathway of social living in the equids. Finally, we discuss how we can use network theory to measure social structure and how these differences may impose different cognitive demands on individuals. |
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social brain hypothesis, Bayesian modelling, social networks, brain size, social evolution |
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Corporate Author |
Shultz, S. |
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Publisher |
Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5557 |
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Author |
Rubenstein, D. |
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Title |
Wild Equid Movements: Impacts of Habitat Quality, Predation Pressure and Leadership |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Animals spend much of their lives on the move searching for food, shelter and mates. As long-legged, large bodied species, equids are well suited for traveling long distances. Understanding where free-ranging equids go, why they choose particular locations, some near and some far, and what impact such movements have on patterns of sociality, demography and human livelihoods are only now coming into focus. This talk will explore how bottom-up factors, such as the abundance and distribution of key resources, and top-down factors, such as the type and location of predators, interact to shape overall movement patterns of equids, how leadership roles develop and what outcomes such movements are likely to have on human activities. |
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Rubenstein, D. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5556 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Horse husbandry and equine stereotypies |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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Abstract KW - |
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Houpt, K.A. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5553 |
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Flauger, B; Möstl, E.; Krueger., K. |
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Title |
The introduction of horses into new groups: Social interactions and cortisol release |
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Conference Article |
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Year |
2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Introduction technique; Aggression; Injury risk; Endocrine response; Stress; Integration horse |
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Domestic horses are kept in so-called “fate societies” where they have to deal with frequent mixing. Several studies have evaluated and discussed the aggression level and injury risk during the introduction of horses into new groups, but nothing is known about the endocrine responses and thus if horses experience stress during introduction.
In this study we analysed the efficiency of four approved introduction techniques and evaluated the introduction of 30 horses into 11 different groups. Horses were introduced: 1) immediately, 2) after observing the new group for several days, 3) together with an “integration horse” after several days of observation, or 4) with a mixed strategy. Aggressive as well as positive social behaviour between the introduced horses and the group members were analysed the two hours following the introduction event. In addition, we focussed on the glucocorticoid production of the newcomer horses by measuring faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) on the day of the introduction as well as the following three days.
For the four introduction techniques we found significant differences in the horses’ aggressive and submissive behaviour as well as in their total interactions. The introduction together with an integration horse led to significantly lower levels of aggression and less total interactions than the immediate introduction of single horses.
Horses which were introduced immediately or after an observation period showed significantly elevated levels of FCM on the first, second and third day after the introduction. For horses introduced together with an integration horse FCM were already significantly higher on the day of the introduction, indicating a stressful event before the introduction itself. In contrast, FCM levels were always very low when using the mixed technique.
In sum, horses have the ability to deal with conflict when they are introduced to new group members. The introduction event itself appears not to be as stressful as previously assumed. Standing together with an “integration horse” on a separate paddock and not being able to integrate immediately into a new group appears to be stressful for the newcomer. Based on the findings of our study we suggest to introduce new horses in group management together with a new group mate, a so-called “integration horse”. This would reduce the number of total social interactions as well as the aggression level. While this technique may be stressful for the newcomer, it lowers aggressive behaviour between the introduced horse and the group members and consequently reduces injury risks. |
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Corporate Author |
Flauger, B. |
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Xenophon Publishing |
Place of Publication |
Wald |
Editor |
Krueger, K. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5551 |
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Author |
Becker-Birck, M.; Biau, S.; Aurich, C.; Möstl, E.; Ille, N.; Aurich, J. |
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Title |
Heart rate and heart rate variability in the horse and its rider: different responses to training and a public equestrian performance |
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Conference Article |
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2012 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the 2. International Equine Science Meeting |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. 2. Int. Equine. Sci. Mtg |
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in press |
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Abstract |
While detailed information exists on the cardiovascular response of horses to racing or endurance, much less is known about cardiovascular function of the rider in equestrian sports. Combined analysis of the horse-rider-team has not been investigated so far. In this study, we have analyzed changes in heart rate and heart variability (HRV) variables SDRR (standard deviation of beat-to-beat interval) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive beat-to-beat intervals) both in well-trained horses (n=9) and their highly experienced riders (n=7) during the airs above the ground (sauteurs en liberté of the Cadre noir de Saumur) at a public performance and at an identical, but non-public training session, both lasting for exactly 7 min. Heart rate in the horses and riders increased during the airs above the ground, both in training and in the public performance (p<0.001 over time). In the horses, this increase did not differ between training and public performance (training: from 35±6 in the stable to 97±17 beats/min during riding, performance: from 43±13 to 103±13 beats/min, respectively). In contrast, in the riders, the increase in heart rate was significantly more pronounced (p<0.01) during the public performance (basal value 91±10, maximum 150±15 beats/min) than during training (basal value 94±10, maximum 118±12 beats/min). With regard to HRV in horses, overall SDRR did not change significantly over time and did not differ significantly between training and performance. RMSSD decreased during both training and performance to the same extent, indicating a decrease in parasympathetic (vagal) tone. In the riders, both HRV variables decreased significantly during riding (p<0.001) and for SDRR the decrease was more pronounced (p<0.05) during an equestrian performance compared to a training session. During the performance SDRR decreased from a basal value of 5.0±1.5 to a minimum of 3.2±0.6 msec while respective values for the training session were 5.3±1.1 and 2.3±1.1 msec. Both a public performance and an identical training session of the airs above the ground in the ridden horse caused an increase in heart rate and a decrease in HRV variables. While increases in heart rate are mainly caused by physical activity, decreases in HRV also indicate a stress response. The cardiovascular response in the horses did not differ between a training session and a public performance but clear differences could be demonstrated in the riders. During a public performance, the increase in heart rate and decrease in SDRR were more pronounced than during a similar training session. In conclusion, the presence of an audience thus causes more pronounced sympathoadrenal activity in experienced riders than the same equestrian tasks ridden without spectators present. In contrast, the presence of an audience was without effect on sympathoadrenal activity in experienced horses. KW - |
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Becker-Birck, M.; |
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Xenophon Publishing |
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Wald |
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Krueger, K. |
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978-3-9808134-26 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5550 |
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