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| Author | Schmidt, A.; Aurich, J.; Möstl, E.; Müller, J.; Aurich, C. | ||||
| Title | Changes in cortisol release and heart rate and heart rate variability during the initial training of 3-year-old sport horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm Behav |
| Volume | 58 | Issue  |
4 | Pages | 628-636 |
| Keywords | Horse; Initial training; Cortisol; Heart rate variability | ||||
| Abstract | Based on cortisol release, a variety of situations to which domestic horses are exposed have been classified as stressors but studies on the stress during equestrian training are limited. In the present study, Warmblood stallions (n = 9) and mares (n = 7) were followed through a 9 respective 12-week initial training program in order to determine potentially stressful training steps. Salivary cortisol concentrations, beat-to-beat (RR) interval and heart rate variability (HRV) were determined. The HRV variables standard deviation of the RR interval (SDRR), RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR differences) and the geometric means standard deviation 1 (SD1) and 2 (SD2) were calculated. Nearly each training unit was associated with an increase in salivary cortisol concentrations (p < 0.01). Cortisol release varied between training units and occasionally was more pronounced in mares than in stallions (p < 0.05). The RR interval decreased slightly in response to lunging before mounting of the rider. A pronounced decrease occurred when the rider was mounting, but before the horse showed physical activity (p < 0.001). The HRV variables SDRR, RMSSD and SD1 decreased in response to training and lowest values were reached during mounting of a rider (p < 0.001). Thereafter RR interval and HRV variables increased again. In contrast, SD2 increased with the beginning of lunging (p < 0.05) and no changes in response to mounting were detectable. In conclusion, initial training is a stressor for horses. The most pronounced reaction occurred in response to mounting by a rider, a situation resembling a potentially lethal threat under natural conditions. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0018-506x | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5223 | ||
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| Author | Sankey, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Leroy, H.; Henry, S.; Hausberger, M. | ||||
| Title | Positive interactions lead to lasting positive memories in horses, Equus caballus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 79 | Issue |
4 | Pages | 869-875 |
| Keywords | Equus caballus; horse; human–animal relationship; learning; memory; positive interaction; social cognition | ||||
| Abstract | Social relationships are important in social species. These relationships, based on repeated interactions, define each partner's expectations during the following encounters. The creation of a relationship implies high social cognitive abilities which require that each partner is able to associate the positive or negative content of an interaction with a specific partner and to recall this association. In this study, we tested the effects of repeated interactions on the memory kept by 23 young horses about humans, after 6 and 8 months of separation. The association of a reward with a learning task in an interactional context induced positive reactions towards humans during training. It also increased contact and interest, not only just after training, but also several months later, despite no further interaction with humans. In addition, this ‘positive memory’ of humans extended to novel persons. Overall, positive reinforcement enhanced learning and memorization of the task itself. These findings suggest remarkable social cognitive abilities that can be transposed from intraspecific to interspecific social contexts. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5418 | ||
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| Author | Rose-Meierhöfer, S.; Standke, K.; Hoffmann, G. | ||||
| Title | Auswirkungen verschiedener Gruppengrößen auf Bewegungsaktivität, Body Condition Score, Liege- und Sozialverhalten bei Jungpferden | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Züchtungskunde | Abbreviated Journal | Züchtungskunde |
| Volume | 82 | Issue |
4 | Pages | 282–291 |
| Keywords | Liegen, Aktivität, Gruppenhaltung, Jungpferde, Sozialverhalten, Body Condition Score [Lying behaviour, activity behaviour, group housing, young horses, social behaviour, Body Condition Score] | ||||
| Abstract | Ziel der Untersuchung war es, herauszufinden, welche Auswirkungen eine Erhöhung der Gruppengröße bei Jungpferden auf die Bewegungsaktivität, das Liege- und Sozialverhalten und die Körperkondition hat. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 42 Pferde im Alter von ein bis zwei Jahren in Laufstallhaltung in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Die Jungpferde aus der Bewegungs- und Liegeverhaltensanalyse waren in zwei Kleingruppen (acht und 11 Tiere) und einer Großgruppe (23 Tiere) aufgestallt. In der Bewegungsaktivität waren deutliche Unterschiede zu erkennen. Es ließ sich ein positiver Einfluss einer höheren Tierzahl nachweisen, aber kein Einfluss des Alters. Beim Ruheverhalten konnten höhere Liegezeiten und -frequenzen mit einer Zunahme der Gruppengröße und eine Abnahme der Liegezeit mit zunehmendem Alter ermittelt werden. Eine Störung des Liegeverhaltens durch Gruppengrößen, die nicht der natürlichen Herdenstruktur des Pferdes entsprechen, wurde nicht nachgewiesen. Jedoch hatte die Haltung der Jährlinge in der großen Gruppe einen Anstieg der repulsiven Verhaltensweisen zur Konsequenz. Zudem zeigte die Bestimmung des Body Condition Scores Unterschiede in der Körperkondition bei den Jährlingen der Groß- bzw. der Kleingruppe. Einem Mangel an Bewegung, der für das Auftreten von Gliedmaßenerkrankungen und Verhaltensstörungen verantwortlich gemacht wird, kann durch die Haltung von Jungpferden in großen Gruppen entgegengewirkt werden. [It is often discussed that the inactivity of horses causes diseases of their musculoskeletal system. Due to these problems the objective of the investigation was to quantify if the size of a group has an effect on the behaviour of young horses. Data from 42 horses in the age of one to two years have been involved in the investigation. The data of two small groups were compared with data of one big group with 23 horses. The movement and lying behaviour of 28 horses were measured with ALT pedometers. The social behaviour of 33 yearlings was documented by direct observation. The results show that the median of the movement time of horses in group A is 82 minutes per day. In group B this increases to a median of 101 and group C reaches the highest median of 149. In the case of lying time an increasing group size leads to a longer duration and a higher frequency of lying, whereas an increase in the age reduces the lying duration. International research studies have shown that keeping of horses in big group husbandry systems is not very common by the owners of horses. In contrast these investigations have shown that horse keeping in big groups has no negative influence on the social behaviour and the Body Condition Score of young horses.] |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5671 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. | ||||
| Title | Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research | Abbreviated Journal | Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
| Volume | 5 | Issue |
4 | Pages | 180-186 |
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| Abstract | We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. | ||||
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| Publisher | Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1558-7878 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6501 | ||
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| Author | Zenzinger, S. | ||||
| Title | Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur optischen Kommunikation bei im Zoo gehaltenen Schabracken- und Flachlandtapiren (Tapirus indicus und Tapirus terrestris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Der Zoologische Garten | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 79 | Issue |
4-5 | Pages | 162-174 |
| Keywords | Tapirus indicus; Tapirus terrestris; communication; optical stimuli; posters; white ear rims; key stimulus | ||||
| Abstract | Until now, unlike their relatives, rhinos and horses tapirs have received considerably less attention in studies about communication. Therefore, it was the aim of this study to test which stimuli contain optical information for tapirs. For this purpose, the reactions of tapirs on optical stimuli (posters with edited tapir silhouettes) were examined. Research visits took place at the zoos of Berlin, Dortmund, Heidelberg, Munich, Nuremberg and Osnabrück during the year 2006. A total of 23 individuals, thereof 8 (5.3) Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) and 15 (5.10) Lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) attended the experiment. The results of the optical test with variously intense edited tapir silhouettes speak for the importance of the white ear rims as a family specific key stimulus. But that effect could not be amplified by adding a greater extent of white to the silhouette. Tapirs of both species reacted most strongly to the normal tapir silhouette followed by a silhouette without proboscis. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0044-5169 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5321 | ||
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| Author | Frère, C.H.; Krützen, M.; Mann, J.; Connor, R.C.; Bejder, L.; Sherwin, W.B. | ||||
| Title | Social and genetic interactions drive fitness variation in a free-living dolphin population | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 107 | Issue |
46 | Pages | 19949-19954 |
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| Abstract | The evolutionary forces that drive fitness variation in species are of considerable interest. Despite this, the relative importance and interactions of genetic and social factors involved in the evolution of fitness traits in wild mammalian populations are largely unknown. To date, a few studies have demonstrated that fitness might be influenced by either social factors or genes in natural populations, but none have explored how the combined effect of social and genetic parameters might interact to influence fitness. Drawing from a long-term study of wild bottlenose dolphins in the eastern gulf of Shark Bay, Western Australia, we present a unique approach to understanding these interactions. Our study shows that female calving success depends on both genetic inheritance and social bonds. Moreover, we demonstrate that interactions between social and genetic factors also influence female fitness. Therefore, our study represents a major methodological advance, and provides critical insights into the interplay of genetic and social parameters of fitness. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6412 | ||
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| Author | Detto, T.; Jennions, M. D.; Backwell, P. R. Y. | ||||
| Title | When and Why Do Territorial Coalitions Occur? Experimental Evidence from a Fiddler Crab | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Am Nat |
| Volume | 175 | Issue |
5 | Pages | E119-E125 |
| Keywords | coalitions, cooperation, dear enemy, fiddler crabs, fighting, territoriality. | ||||
| Abstract | Neighboring territory owners are often less aggressive toward each other than to strangers (“dear enemy” effect). There is, however, little evidence for territorial defense coalitions whereby a neighbor will temporarily leave his/her own territory, enter that of a neighbor, and cooperate in repelling a conspecific intruder. This is surprising, as theoreticians have long posited the existence of such coalitions and the circumstances under which they should evolve. Here we document territorial defense coalitions in the African fiddler crab Uca annulipes, which lives in large colonies wherein each male defends a burrow and its surrounding area against neighbors and “floaters” (burrowless males). Fights between a resident and a floater sometimes involve another male who has left his territory to fight the floater challenging his neighbor. Using simple experiments, we provide the first evidence of the rules determining when territorial coalitions form. Our results support recent models that suggest that these coalitions arise from by‐product mutualism. | ||||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1086/651588 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5112 | ||
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| Author | Sankey, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Henry, S.; Fureix, C.; Nassur, F.; Hausberger, M. | ||||
| Title | Reinforcement as a mediator of the perception of humans by horses (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 13 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 753-764-764 |
| Keywords | Perception of humans – Human/animal relationship – Positive reinforcement – Negative reinforcement – Equus caballus | ||||
| Abstract | A central question in the interspecific human/animal relationship is how domestic animals perceive humans as a significant element of their environment. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the use of positive or negative reinforcement in horse training may have consequences on the animals’ perception of humans, as a positive, negative or neutral element. Two groups of ponies were trained to walk backwards in response to a vocal order using either positive or negative reinforcement. Heart rate monitors and behavioural observations were used to assess the animals’ perception of humans on the short (just after training) and long (5 months later) terms. The results showed that the type of reinforcement had a major effect on the subsequent animals’ perception of familiar and unfamiliar humans. Negative reinforcement was rapidly associated with an increased emotional state, as revealed by heart rate measurements and behavioural observations (head movements and ears laid back position). Its use led the ponies to seek less contact with humans. On the contrary, ponies trained with positive reinforcement showed an increased interest in humans and sought contact after training. This is especially remarkable as it was reached in a maximum of 5 sessions of 1 to 3 min (i.e. 5 to 15 min) and had lasting effects (visible after 5 months). Even learning was positively influenced by positive reinforcement. Overall, horses seem capable of associating humans to particular experiences and display extended long-term memory abilities. | ||||
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| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5175 | ||
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| Author | Bonanni, R.; Cafazzo, S.; Valsecchi, P.; Natoli, E. | ||||
| Title | Effect of affiliative and agonistic relationships on leadership behaviour in free-ranging dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | Animal Behaviour. | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 79 | Issue |
5 | Pages | 981-991 |
| Keywords | affiliative relationship; agonistic dominance; Canis lupus familiaris; consensus costs; consensus decisions; domestic dog; formal dominance; individual variation in leadership | ||||
| Abstract | Consensus decisions about the nature and timing of group activities allow animals to maintain group cohesiveness, but also entail costs because individuals often differ with respect to their optimal activity budgets. Two mechanisms whereby animals reach a consensus include ‘consistent leadership’, in which a single dominant individual makes the decision, and ‘variable leadership’ in which several group members contribute to the decision outcome. Sharing of consensus decisions is expected to reduce consensus costs to most group members. Both patterns are thought to emerge from the complexity of social relationships of group members. We investigated the distribution of leadership during group departures in two packs of free-ranging dogs, Canis lupus familiaris, and tested how its distribution between individuals was affected by dominance rank-related affiliative and agonistic relationships. Although leadership was not entirely concentrated on a single group member, both packs had a limited number of habitual leaders. In the largest pack, the pattern of leadership changed from ‘variable’ to nearly ‘consistent’ after its size had shrunk. Habitual leaders were usually old and high-ranking individuals. However, high-ranking dogs that received affiliative submissions in greeting ceremonies were more likely to lead than dominant dogs receiving submissions only in agonistic contexts. During resting times, habitual followers associated more closely with habitual leaders than with other followers. These results suggest that in social species collective movements may arise from the effort of subordinates to maintain close proximity with specific valuable social partners. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5177 | ||
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| Author | Fraser, O.N.; Bugnyar, T. | ||||
| Title | Do Ravens Show Consolation? Responses to Distressed Others | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2010 | Publication | PLoS ONE | Abbreviated Journal | PLoS ONE |
| Volume | 5 | Issue |
5 | Pages | e10605 |
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| Abstract | <sec> <title>Background</title> <p>Bystander affiliation (post-conflict affiliation from an uninvolved bystander to the conflict victim) may represent an expression of empathy in which the bystander consoles the victim to alleviate the victim's distress (“consolation”). However, alternative hypotheses for the function of bystander affiliation also exist. Determining whether ravens spontaneously offer consolation to distressed partners may not only help us to understand how animals deal with the costs of aggressive conflict, but may also play an important role in the empathy debate.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methodology/Principal findings</title> <p>This study investigates the post-conflict behavior of ravens, applying the predictive framework for the function of bystander affiliation for the first time in a non-ape species. We found weak evidence for reconciliation (post-conflict affiliation between former opponents), but strong evidence for both bystander affiliation and solicited bystander affiliation (post-conflict affiliation from the victim to a bystander). Bystanders involved in both interactions were likely to share a valuable relationship with the victim. Bystander affiliation offered to the victim was more likely to occur after intense conflicts. Renewed aggression was less likely to occur after the victim solicited affiliation from a bystander.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions/Significance</title> <p>Our findings suggest that in ravens, bystanders may console victims with whom they share a valuable relationship, thus alleviating the victims' post-conflict distress. Conversely victims may affiliate with bystanders after a conflict in order to reduce the likelihood of renewed aggression. These results stress the importance of relationship quality in determining the occurrence and function of post-conflict interactions, and show that ravens may be sensitive to the emotions of others.</p> </sec> | ||||
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| Publisher | Public Library of Science | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5195 | ||
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