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| Author | Dreschel, N.A.; Granger, D.A. | ||||
| Title | Methods of collection for salivary cortisol measurement in dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 163-168 |
| Keywords | Dog; Canine; Salivary cortisol; Methods; Measurement; Stress | ||||
| Abstract | Salivary cortisol has been increasingly used as a measure of stress response in studies of welfare, reaction to stress and human–animal interactions in dogs and other species. While it can be a very useful measure, there are a number of saliva collection issues made evident through studies in the human and animal fields which have not been investigated in the canine species. Collection materials and the volume of saliva that is collected; the use of salivary stimulants; and the effect of food contamination can all dramatically impact cortisol measurement, leading to spurious results. In order to further examine the limitations of the collection method and the effects of collection material and salivary stimulant on salivary cortisol levels, a series of clinical, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. It was found that there is a large amount of inter- and intra-individual variation in salivary cortisol measurement. Beef flavoring of collection materials leads to unpredictable variability in salivary cortisol concentration. Using salivary stimulants such as citric acid also has the potential to affect cortisol concentration measurement in saliva. Hydrocellulose appears to be a useful collection material for salivary cortisol determination. Recommendations for collection materials and use of salivary stimulants are presented. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0018-506x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5560 | ||
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| Author | Dickens, M.J.; Delehanty, D.J.; Romero, L.M. | ||||
| Title | Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 276 | Issue | 1664 | Pages | 2051-2056 |
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| Abstract | Translocation and reintroduction have become major conservation actions in attempts to create self-sustaining wild populations of threatened species. However, avian translocations have a high failure rate and causes for failure are poorly understood. While ‘stress’ is often cited as an important factor in translocation failure, empirical evidence of physiological stress is lacking. Here we show that experimental translocation leads to changes in the physiological stress response in chukar partridge, Alectoris chukar. We found that capture alone significantly decreased the acute glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT) response, but adding exposure to captivity and transport further altered the stress response axis (the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) as evident from a decreased sensitivity of the negative feedback system. Animals that were exposed to the entire translocation procedure, in addition to the reduced acute stress response and disrupted negative feedback, had significantly lower baseline CORT concentrations and significantly reduced body weight. These data indicate that translocation alters stress physiology and that chronic stress is potentially a major factor in translocation failure. Under current practices, the restoration of threatened species through translocation may unwittingly depend on the success of chronically stressed individuals. This conclusion emphasizes the need for understanding and alleviating translocation-induced chronic stress in order to use most effectively this important conservation tool. | ||||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5582 | ||
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| Author | Romero, L.M.; Dickens, M.J.; Cyr, N.E. | ||||
| Title | The reactive scope model — A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Hormones and Behavior | Abbreviated Journal | Horm. Behav. |
| Volume | 55 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 375-389 |
| Keywords | Stress; Allostasis; Glucocorticoids; Fight-or-flight; Homeostasis | ||||
| Abstract | Allostasis, the concept of maintaining stability through change, has been proposed as a term and a model to replace the ambiguous term of stress, the concept of adequately or inadequately coping with threatening or unpredictable environmental stimuli. However, both the term allostasis and its underlying model have generated criticism. Here we propose the Reactive Scope Model, an alternate graphical model that builds on the strengths of allostasis and traditional concepts of stress yet addresses many of the criticisms. The basic model proposes divergent effects in four ranges for the concentrations or levels of various physiological mediators involved in responding to stress. (1) Predictive Homeostasis is the range encompassing circadian and seasonal variation — the concentrations/levels needed to respond to predictable environmental changes. (2) Reactive Homeostasis is the range of the mediator needed to respond to unpredictable or threatening environmental changes. Together, Predictive and Reactive Homeostasis comprise the normal reactive scope of the mediator for that individual. Concentrations/levels above the Reactive Homeostasis range is (3) Homeostatic Overload, and concentrations/levels below the Predictive Homeostasis range is (4) Homeostatic Failure. These two ranges represent concentrations/levels with pathological effects and are not compatible with long-term (Homeostatic Overload) or short-term (Homeostatic Failure) health. Wear and tear is the concept that there is a cost to maintaining physiological systems in the Reactive Homeostasis range, so that over time these systems gradually lose their ability to counteract threatening and unpredictable stimuli. Wear and tear can be modeled by a decrease in the threshold between Reactive Homeostasis and Homeostatic Overload, i.e. a decrease in reactive scope. This basic model can then be modified by altering the threshold between Reactive Homeostasis and Homeostatic Overload to help understand how an individual's response to environmental stressors can differ depending upon factors such as prior stressors, dominance status, and early life experience. We illustrate the benefits of the Reactive Scope Model and contrast it with the traditional model and with allostasis in the context of chronic malnutrition, changes in social status, and changes in stress responses due to early life experiences. The Reactive Scope Model, as an extension of allostasis, should be useful to both biomedical researchers studying laboratory animals and humans, as well as ecologists studying stress in free-living animals. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0018-506x | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5583 | ||
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| Author | Goodson, J.L.; Schrock, S.E.; Klatt, J.D.; Kabelik, D.; Kingsbury, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Mesotocin and Nonapeptide Receptors Promote Estrildid Flocking Behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 325 | Issue | 5942 | Pages | 862-866 |
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| Abstract | Proximate neural mechanisms that influence preferences for groups of a given size are almost wholly unknown. In the highly gregarious zebra finch (Estrildidae: Taeniopygia guttata), blockade of nonapeptide receptors by an oxytocin (OT) antagonist significantly reduced time spent with large groups and familiar social partners independent of time spent in social contact. Opposing effects were produced by central infusions of mesotocin (MT, avian homolog of OT). Most drug effects appeared to be female-specific. Across five estrildid finch species, species-typical group size correlates with nonapeptide receptor distributions in the lateral septum, and sociality in female zebra finches was reduced by OT antagonist infusions into the septum but not a control area. We propose that titration of sociality by MT represents a phylogenetically deep framework for the evolution of OT’s female-specific roles in pair bonding and maternal functions. | ||||
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| Notes | 10.1126/science.1174929 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5646 | ||
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| Author | Hoffmann, G.; Bockisch, F.-J.; Kreimeier, P. | ||||
| Title | Einfluss des Haltungssystems auf die Bewegungsaktivität und Stressbelastung bei Pferden in Auslaufhaltungssystemen | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Landbauforschung – vTI Agriculture and Forestry Research | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 2 | Issue | 59 | Pages | 105-112 |
| Keywords | Bewegung, Cortisol, Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HFV), Pferd, Verhalten [movement, cortisol, heart rate variability (HRV), horse, behaviour] | ||||
| Abstract | Frühere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die tägliche Bewegung für die Gesunderhaltung der Pferde notwendig ist. Inwieweit sich jedoch unterschiedliche Bewegungsangebote auf das Stress-und Bewegungsverhalten von Pferden in einer Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung auswirken und ob der Bewegungsbedarf der Pferde durch eine Auslaufhaltung ohne zusätzliche Bewegung gedeckt werden kann, ist der Literatur bisher nicht zu entnehmen. Daher sollte in der nachfolgend beschriebenen Untersuchung der Frage nachgegangen werden, welche Auswirkungen verschiedene Bewegungsangebote auf die Bewegungsaktivität von Pferden in Gruppen-Auslaufhaltungen haben und ob diese das Wohlbefinden der Tiere beeinflussen. Letzteres wurde durch Messung der Herzfrequenzvariabilität und Bestimmung von Cortisolmetaboliten im Pferdekot erfasst und die Bewegungsaktivität der Pferde wurde mit ALT-Pedometern bestimmt. Verglichen wurden eine Einzel-und Gruppenhaltung mit jeweils angrenzendem Auslauf, aber ohne eine zusätzliche Bewegung der Pferde außerhalb des Stalls. In drei weiteren Varianten der Gruppenhaltung bekamen die Pferde täglichen Auslauf auf einer unbegrünten Koppel, auf einer Weide oder durch gezielte Bewegung in einer Führanlage. Die Bewegungsaktivität konnte durch die zusätzliche Bewegung in Form von Weide oder Führanlage signifikant gesteigert werden. Ein zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot führte bei den Pferden zu einer Abnahme der Stressbelastung und sollte auch den Pferden ermöglicht werden, die in einer Gruppenhaltung gehalten werden, um ihre physische und psychische Gesundheit zu erhalten. [Former studies confirm the necessity of daily movement for the health of a horse. But so far no description could be found in the literature how different movement offerings impact the stress and movement behaviour of horses in group husbandries with close-by discharge. The same holds true for the question whether a discharge husbandry system can meet the movement requirements of horses if there isn�t any additional movement possibility. The aim of the present study was to examine different movement offerings, their effects on the movement activities of horses in a group horse husbandry with close-by discharge and the impact of the movement on the wellbeing of the animals. The heart rate variability and the concentration of the cortisol metabolites in the horse excrement were analyzed for detecting the wellbeing of the horses. Additionally ALT-Pedometers were used for determining the movement activity. A single and a group husbandry system, each with closeby discharge, were compared when horses had no additional movement outside the stable. In three further variants the group husbandry was supplemented with daily time on a non-grassy pasture land, a pasture or in a horse walker. Pasture or horse walker increased movement activity significantly. Nevertheless an additional movement offering resulted in a lower stress load of the horses and should also be allowed to horses in group husbandry systems to ensure the horse�s physical and mental health.] |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5661 | ||
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| Author | Fabritius, C. | ||||
| Title | Sozialstruktur einer Herde Islandpferde bei Veränderung der Gruppenzusammenstellung | Type | Manuscript | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | Die Domestikation des Pferdes begann wahrscheinlich etwa 5500 v. Chr. in Südosteuropa. In Mitteleuropa traten circa 3000 v. Chr. die ersten Hauspferde auf. Grundsätzlich wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Ansprüche des Pferdes hinsichtlich der Lebensbedingungen, welche sich im Laufe der Evolution über Millionen von Jahren entwickelt haben, in der Obhut des Menschen nicht wesentlich geändert haben. Für Pferde typisch ist das Leben im Sozialverband, der Herde (Zeitler-Feicht 2008). Diese wird auch in den Leitlinien der Sachverständigengruppe tierschutzgerechte Pferdehaltung (10. November 1995) empfohlen, sofern es nicht durch zu häufigen Wechsel im Bestand zu einem Übermaß an Stress und agonistischen Aktionen kommt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, anhand eines nach der Literatur erstellten Ethogramms des Sozialverhaltens des Pferdes, herauszufinden, inwieweit Änderungen der Gruppenstruktur die sozialen Beziehungen beeinflussten. Die Fragestellung bezog sich auf eine Herde in Offenstallhaltung. Um die eventuellen Veränderungen der sozialen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, wurde erst die vorhandene Gruppenstruktur der Herde festgestellt. Danach wurde ein Individuum aus der Herde entfernt und ein anderes dazugestellt. Anschließend wurde die Gesamtgruppe in zwei Untergruppen geteilt und nach einem gewissen Zeitraum erneut zusammengeführt. Dabei wurden jeweils die Interaktionen der Pferde anhand des Ethogramms beobachtet, aufgezeichnet und protokolliert. Untersuchungsgegenstand war eine Herde Islandpferde, die in einer Ausgangsgruppe von 16 Tieren gehalten wurde. Die Beschreibung einer sozialen Ordnung im Allgemeinen und einer Rangordnung im Besonderen wird in vielen Studien ausschließlich auf der Basis der Beobachtung und Bewertung offensiv aggressiver Verhaltenselemente durchgeführt. Aggressives Verhalten muss hingegen im Gegensatz zu Verhaltensweisen, die die Anerkennung des sozialen Status des anderen Pferdes bedeuten, wie Abwenden oder Meiden, nicht notwendigerweise ein Anzeichen von Dominanz über ein anderes Tier bedeuten (Van Hoof u. Wensing 1987, Schilder 1988). Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser Arbeit sollte sein, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, die Sozialstruktur auch auf der Grundlage defensiver und soziopositiver Verhaltenselemente zu definieren. |
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| Corporate Author | Thesis | Ph.D. thesis | |||
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Place of Publication | Hannover | Editor | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5727 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D.; Oddie, C.; Burton, F.L.; McLean, A.N. | ||||
| Title | The horse–human dyad: Can we align horse training and handling activities with the equid social ethogram? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Special Issue: Equitation Science |
| Volume | 181 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 12-18 |
| Keywords | Horse training; Social inter- and intra-specific communication; Learning; Counter–predator behaviour | ||||
| Abstract | This article examines the recently completed equid ethogram and shows how analogues of social interactions between horses may occur in various human–horse interactions. It discusses how some specific horse–horse interactions have a corresponding horse–human interaction – some of which may be directly beneficial for the horse while others may be unusual or even abnormal. It also shows how correspondent behaviours sometimes become inappropriate because of their duration, consistency or context. One analogue is unlikely to hold true for all horse–human contexts, so when applying any model from horse–horse interactions to human–horse interactions, the limitations of the model may eclipse the intended outcome of the intervention. These limitations are especially likely when the horse is being ridden. Such analyses may help to determine the validity of extrapolating intra-specific interactions to the inter-specific setting, as is advocated by some popular horse-training methods, and highlight the subsequent limitations where humans play the role of the ‘alpha mare’ or leader in horse handling and training. This examination provides a constructive framework for further informed debate and empirical investigation of the critical features of successful intra-specific interactions. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5729 | ||
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| Author | Zeitler-Feicht, M.H.; Streit, S.; Dempfle, L. | ||||
| Title | Abrufautomaten für Pferde im Offenlaufstall im Vergleich – Besuchshäufigkeit, Aufenthaltsdauer und Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen [A comparison of automatic feeding systems for horses in run-out-sheds – frequency of visit, duration of stay and number of conflicts] | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | KTBL-Schrift | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 479 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | In 32 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen wurden die Aufenthaltsdauer und Besuchshäufigkeit sowie das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 439 Pferden im Füttererungsbereich erfasst. Je Betrieb erfolgten visuelle kontinuierliche Direktbeobachtungen nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6 x 4 Stunden) für je einen 24-Stunden-Tag. Ziel war die Überprüfung der verschiedenen Bauausführungen der Abrufstationen unter dem Aspekt der Tiergerechtheit. Eine Einwegstation reduzierte signifikant die Anzahl an Auseinandersetzungen im Fütterungsbereich. Demgegenüber führten die für das fressende Pferd tiergerechten Varianten (Fressstand mit Eingangssperre und ohne Austreibehilfe) zu einer Erhöhung der Besuchshäufigkeit und Aufenthaltsdauer und somit auch zu einer erhöhten Anzahl an Drohgesten. Doch insgesamt betrachtet, kann die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im Fütterungsbereich der Abrufstationen als relativ gering eingestuft werden. Da sich außerdem der Betrieb (Management, Fläche, Konzeption) als maßgeblicher Einflussfaktor auf die überprüften Parameter erwies, dürften die Unterschiede in der Bauausführung der derzeitigen Abrufstationen für Pferde eher von untergeordneter Bedeutung sein. [Duration of stay, frequency of visit, threatening gestures and behaviour of avoidance of 439 horses was observed at the feeding area of 32 run-out-sheds. The observation was based on the method of visual continuously direct watching after the pie chart system (6 x 4 hours) over a period of 24 hours. The observation should show which construction of the different automatic feeding systems corresponded best under the aspect of animal welfare. It was obvious that the one-way-station reduced significantly the number of conflicts in the feeding area, whereas those systems which are appropriate for the eating horses (feeding station with access barrier and without stimulation device by electric shock) led to a higher frequency of visits and duration of stay as well as to more threatening gestures. Considering altogether, the number of negative interactions in the feeding area of the feeding systems can be classified as comparatively unimportant. As it showed that the stable (management, stable area, conception) was of important influence on the surveyed parameters, the differences between the constructions of feeding stations for horses of present systems are probably of less meaning.] |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5775 | ||
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| Author | Lonsdorf, E.V.; Ross, S.R.; Linick, S.A.; Milstein, M.S.; Melber, T.N. | ||||
| Title | An experimental, comparative investigation of tool use in chimpanzees and gorillas | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Behaviour | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Behav. |
| Volume | 77 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 1119-1126 |
| Keywords | chimpanzee; gorilla; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; Pan troglodytes; social structure; tool use | ||||
| Abstract | Studies of ape tool use have been conducted in captivity since the early 1900s and in the wild since the 1960s. Chimpanzees are the most prolific tool users among the apes, and are known to use more tools than any other nonhuman animal. In contrast, reports of gorilla tool use are rare both in wild and captive settings. Studies of the processes involved in tool use learning have been limited in the wild by the lack of ability to control several unpredictable variables, and in captivity by tool use opportunities that are often presented in non-naturalistic contexts. We attempted to address both of these limitations by providing naïve subjects with a naturalistic tool use device (built to simulate a termite mound) while housed in a more natural social setting to approximate how learning would occur in the wild. Both gorillas and chimpanzees participated in the experiment to allow comparative analyses of acquisition of tool behaviour and the factors that may affect acquisition. Both species showed low frequencies of interaction with the mound in the baseline condition, before baiting with a food reward. Once baited, chimpanzees both attempted and succeeded to extract the reward more quickly than did gorillas. The number of social group members at the mound was significantly higher for chimpanzees than for gorillas and may have affected skill acquisition. We advocate that comparative approaches to skill acquisition and learning are valuable, but that researchers need to be cognizant of species differences in social structure that may affect results. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0003-3472 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5858 | ||
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| Author | Keeling, L.J.; Jonare, L.; Lanneborn, L. | ||||
| Title | Investigating horse–human interactions: The effect of a nervous human | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | The Veterinary Journal | Abbreviated Journal | Vet J |
| Volume | 181 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 70-71 |
| Keywords | Behaviour; Reactivity; Heart rate; Accidents; Equitation | ||||
| Abstract | The heart rates (HR) of horses and the people leading them (10 horses, 20 people), and riding them (17 horses, 17 people), were recorded in an indoor arena. The horses were Swedish leisure horses of mixed ages, sex and breed. All except two of the people were female and all were of mixed age and riding experience. Each horse–human pair walked or rode between points A and B (30 m) four times on each test occasion. However, just before the fourth pass, participants were told that an umbrella would be opened as they rode, or led, the horse past the assistant. The umbrella was not opened, so this pass was no different to the previous control occasions, but nevertheless there was an increase in HR for both the person (leading, P = 0.06; riding, P < 0.05) and the horse (being led, P < 0.05; being ridden, P < 0.05). The findings indicate that analysis of HR recorded simultaneously from people and horses under different experimental handling or riding conditions presents a useful tool to investigate horse–human interactions. | ||||
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| ISSN | 1090-0233 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5908 | ||
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