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| Author | Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. | ||||
| Title | Comparing Networks | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Exploring Animal Social Networks | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | Issue | Pages | 141-162 | ||
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| Abstract | Social network analysis is used widely in the social sciences to study interactions among people, groups, and organizations, yet until now there has been no book that shows behavioral biologists how to apply it to their work on animal populations. Exploring Animal Social Networks provides a practical guide for researchers, undergraduates, and graduate students in ecology, evolutionary biology, animal behavior, and zoology. Existing methods for studying animal social structure focus either on one animal and its interactions or on the average properties of a whole population. This book enables researchers to probe animal social structure at all levels, from the individual to the population. No prior knowledge of network theory is assumed. The authors give a step-by-step introduction to the different procedures and offer ideas for designing studies, collecting data, and interpreting results. They examine some of today's most sophisticated statistical tools for social network analysis and show how they can be used to study social interactions in animals, including cetaceans, ungulates, primates, insects, and fish. Drawing from an array of techniques, the authors explore how network structures influence individual behavior and how this in turn influences, and is influenced by, behavior at the population level. Throughout, the authors use two software packages--UCINET and NETDRAW--to illustrate how these powerful analytical tools can be applied to different animal social organizations. Darren P. Croft is lecturer in animal behavior at the University of Wales, Bangor. Richard James is senior lecturer in physics at the University of Bath. Jens Krause is professor of behavioral ecology at the University of Leeds. Reviews: “Exploring Animal Social Networks shows behavioral biologists how to apply social network theory to animal populations. In doing so, Croft, James, and Krause illustrate the connections between an animal's individual behaviors and how these, in turn, influence and are influenced by behavior at the population level. . . . Valuable for readers interested in using quantitative analyses to study animal social behaviors.”--Choice “[T]his volume provides an engaging, accessible, and timely introduction to the use of network theory methods for examining the social behavior of animals.”--Noa Pinter-Wollman, Quarterly Review of Biology “The book is a useful 'handbook' providing detailed, stepwise procedures sufficient to allow the reader to address a broad range of questions about social interactions. . . . The book includes numerous examples of the kind of research questions one might ask, and, thus, it allows the reader to find the analysis that best fits the data set to be analyzed. Thus, even readers with minimal prior knowledge of social network analysis will be able to apply this approach. And if further assistance is needed, the authors provide numerous references to specific procedures that have been used by others.”--Thomas R. Zentall, PsycCRITIQUES Endorsements: “An important and timely addition to the literature. This book should be readily accessible to researchers who are interested in animal social organization but who have little or no experience in conducting network analysis. The book is well-written in an engaging style and contains a good number of examples drawn from a range of taxonomic groups.”--Paul R. Moorcroft, Harvard University More Endorsements Table of Contents: Preface vii Chapter 1: Introduction to Social Networks 1 Chapter 2: Data Collection 19 Chapter 3: Visual Exploration 42 Chapter 4: Node-Based Measures 64 Chapter 5: Statistical Tests of Node-Based Measures 88 Chapter 6: Searching for Substructures 117 Chapter 7: Comparing Networks 141 Chapter 8: Conclusions 163 Glossary of Frequently Used Terms 173 References 175 Index 187 Subject Area: * Biological Sciences |
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Princton University Press | Place of Publication | Princeton, NY | Editor | |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4955 | ||
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| Author | Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. (eds) | ||||
| Title | Exploring Animal Social Networks | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Princton University Press | Place of Publication | Princton | Editor | Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. |
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| ISSN | ISBN | 9780691127521 | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5139 | ||
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| Author | Milinski, M.; Rockenbach, B. | ||||
| Title | Human behaviour: Punisher pays | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 452 | Issue | 7185 | Pages | 297-298 |
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| Abstract | The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all. Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity – the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 – is a secret of our success. |
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Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/452297a | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4405 | ||
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| Author | Dreber, A.; Rand, D.G.; Fudenberg, D.; Nowak, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Winners don/'t punish | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 452 | Issue | 7185 | Pages | 348-351 |
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| Abstract | A key aspect of human behaviour is cooperation1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. We tend to help others even if costs are involved. We are more likely to help when the costs are small and the benefits for the other person significant. Cooperation leads to a tension between what is best for the individual and what is best for the group. A group does better if everyone cooperates, but each individual is tempted to defect. Recently there has been much interest in exploring the effect of costly punishment on human cooperation8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23. Costly punishment means paying a cost for another individual to incur a cost. It has been suggested that costly punishment promotes cooperation even in non-repeated games and without any possibility of reputation effects10. But most of our interactions are repeated and reputation is always at stake. Thus, if costly punishment is important in promoting cooperation, it must do so in a repeated setting. We have performed experiments in which, in each round of a repeated game, people choose between cooperation, defection and costly punishment. In control experiments, people could only cooperate or defect. Here we show that the option of costly punishment increases the amount of cooperation but not the average payoff of the group. Furthermore, there is a strong negative correlation between total payoff and use of costly punishment. Those people who gain the highest total payoff tend not to use costly punishment: winners don't punish. This suggests that costly punishment behaviour is maladaptive in cooperation games and might have evolved for other reasons. | ||||
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Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature06723 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4406 | ||
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| Author | Prather, J.F.; Peters, S.; Nowicki, S.; Mooney, R. | ||||
| Title | Precise auditory-vocal mirroring in neurons for learned vocal communication | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 451 | Issue | 7176 | Pages | 305-310 |
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| Abstract | Brain mechanisms for communication must establish a correspondence between sensory and motor codes used to represent the signal. One idea is that this correspondence is established at the level of single neurons that are active when the individual performs a particular gesture or observes a similar gesture performed by another individual. Although neurons that display a precise auditory–vocal correspondence could facilitate vocal communication, they have yet to be identified. Here we report that a certain class of neurons in the swamp sparrow forebrain displays a precise auditory–vocal correspondence. We show that these neurons respond in a temporally precise fashion to auditory presentation of certain note sequences in this songbird’s repertoire and to similar note sequences in other birds’ songs. These neurons display nearly identical patterns of activity when the bird sings the same sequence, and disrupting auditory feedback does not alter this singing-related activity, indicating it is motor in nature. Furthermore, these neurons innervate striatal structures important for song learning, raising the possibility that singing-related activity in these cells is compared to auditory feedback to guide vocal learning. |
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Nature Publishing Group | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature06492 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5062 | ||
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| Author | Behrens, T.E.J.; Hunt, L.T.; Woolrich, M.W.; Rushworth, M.F.S. | ||||
| Title | Associative learning of social value | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | Nature | |
| Volume | 456 | Issue | 7219 | Pages | 245-249 |
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| Abstract | Our decisions are guided by information learnt from our environment. This information may come via personal experiences of reward, but also from the behaviour of social partners1, 2. Social learning is widely held to be distinct from other forms of learning in its mechanism and neural implementation; it is often assumed to compete with simpler mechanisms, such as reward-based associative learning, to drive behaviour3. Recently, neural signals have been observed during social exchange reminiscent of signals seen in studies of associative learning4. Here we demonstrate that social information may be acquired using the same associative processes assumed to underlie reward-based learning. We find that key computational variables for learning in the social and reward domains are processed in a similar fashion, but in parallel neural processing streams. Two neighbouring divisions of the anterior cingulate cortex were central to learning about social and reward-based information, and for determining the extent to which each source of information guides behaviour. When making a decision, however, the information learnt using these parallel streams was combined within ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that human social valuation can be realized by means of the same associative processes previously established for learning other, simpler, features of the environment. | ||||
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Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0028-0836 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | 10.1038/nature07538 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4681 | ||
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| Author | Streit, S.; Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Dempfle, L. | ||||
| Title | Gibt es in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden bei der Abruffütterung am Automaten mehr Auseinandersetzungen als bei der Fütterung in Fressständen? [Keeping horses in groups, are there more confrontations when feeding is done with automatic feeding systems than with feeding stalls?] | Type | Book Chapter | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | KTBL-Schriften | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 471 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Abstract | Das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 270 Pferden wurde im Fressbereich von 10 Offenlaufställen mit Fressständen und 11 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen anhand von visuellen kontinuierlichen Direktbeobachtungen erfasst. Diese erfolgten je Betrieb über einen 24-Stunden-Tag, der nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6x4 Stunden) zusammengesetzt war. Insgesamt wurden 6297 agonistische Verhaltensweisen in, vor und hinter den Fütterungseinrichtungen registriert (Meiden 40,6 %, Verdrängen 12,8 %, Beißen/ Hinterhandschlag/ Angehen 12,7 % und Drohen/ Drohbeißen/ Hinterhanddrohen 33,9 %). In den Futterstationen wurden 22,5 % dieses Verhaltens beobachtet, vor und hinter den Futterstationen 77,5 %. Bei den Betrieben mit Fressständen fanden 31 % der agonistischen Verhaltensweisen in den Ständen statt, bei den Betrieben mit Abruffütterung 21 %. Der Einfl uss des einzelnen Betriebes (innerhalb Fütterungssystem) auf die agonistischen Verhaltensweisen vor und hinter den Fütterungseinrichtungen war signifi kant. Die Auswertung ergab, dass Drohgesten im Wartebereich von Abrufstationen häufi ger auftreten als in dem von Fressständen. Demgegenüber können Pferde in Abrufstationen ungestörter fressen. Insgesamt betrachtet war jedoch die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen bei beiden Fütterungssystemen gering. Die agonistischen Verhaltensweisen wurden zusätzlich noch von der Heumenge und dem Konstitutionstyp beeinfl usst. Der Betrieb erwies sich als maßgeblicher Einfl ussfaktor. Als Resümee ergibt sich, dass bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management beide Fütterungssysteme für Pferde im Offenlaufstall geeignet sind. [The threatening and avoiding behaviour of 270 horses living in run-out sheds was observed at 10 stables with feeding stalls and at 11 stables with automatic feeding systems for hay and concentrates. Every group of horses was observed on five succeeding days visually and immediately for 6 sessions, each of 4 hours. These 6 slices form together 24 hours, a complete day. Altogether, 6297 agonistic behaviour patterns were registered in front of, inside and behind the feeding stations (avoiding behaviour 40.6 %, edging out of others 12.8 %, Auseinandersetzungen an automatischer Abruffütterung und Fressständen KTBL-Schrift 471 79 biting/rear leg kicking/charging 12.7 % und threatening/biting threats/rear leg kicking threats 33.9 %). 22.5 % of these types of behaviour were recorded in the feeding stations, 77.5 % together in front and behind of these. In the stables with feeding stalls there were 31 % of the observed threatening gestures inside the feeding stations, in the stables with automatic feeders only 21 %. The individual farm showed signifi cant infl uence on the modes of agonistic behaviour in front and behind the feeding facilities. Threatening gestures happen more often in the waiting area of automatic feeders than in that of feeding stalls. On the other hand horses in computer controlled systems will be less disturbed at eating. All together the number of negative interactions in the feeding area at both feeding systems was relatively low. In addition the agonistic behaviour was infl uenced by the quantity of hay and the constitutional typ of the horses. Because of the management of the individual stable exercises the most substantial infl uence on the behaviour of the horses, it can be said, that, correct group keeping with professional management provided, both feeding systems are suitable for horses in run-in sheds.] |
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KTBL | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5763 | ||
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| Author | Maros, K.; Dóka, A.; Miklósi, Á. | ||||
| Title | Behavioural correlation of heart rate changes in family dogs | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 109 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 329-341 |
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| Abstract | Fourteen dogs (7 males and 7 females) were tested for their heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) responses in different activities and environmental challenges while their movement was controlled. First, we wanted to compare the dogs? cardiac responses in different body positions (lying, sitting and standing) and during slow walking to reveal their possible influence on HR and HRV. Second, we tested the HR response during an attentive state when the dog was gazing at its favourite toy while remaining in a steady body position. Finally we investigated the heart activity during separation from the owner. We also analysed the individual differences and the influence of gender on the heart responses. We found that the HR increased during periods of increased activity (walking) and was lowest during lying, while it did not differ between sitting and standing. At the same time no changes in HRV were found in the case of different body positions and walking. In contrast, HRV significantly increased when dogs oriented towards their favourite toy, and we found a distinct individual characteristic HR change in this situation compared to the similar body position without the toy being shown. Interestingly during separation from the owner the HR did not increase, but when a strange person was petting the dog, a significant increasing effect was seen in the HR. However the HRV increased only when the petting was discontinued. In general, large individual variation was found with regard to the HR and HRV, while gender did not influence the cardiac activity of the dogs.These results show that body position affected HR significantly in dogs. Further it seems that HRV could be a good indicator of the dog's attentive state. Thus in future studies both the physical and cognitive factors should be given more attention when HR or HRV is investigated as a dependent variable. | ||||
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Elsevier | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.005 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5846 | ||
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| Author | Charif, R.A.; Waack, A.M.; Strickman, L.M. | ||||
| Title | Raven Pro 1.3 User's Manual | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology | Place of Publication | Ithaca, New York | Editor | |
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Charif2008 | Serial | 6488 | ||
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| Author | Baumgartner, T.; Heinrichs, M.; Vonlanthen, A.; Fischbacher, U.; Fehr, E. | ||||
| Title | Oxytocin Shapes the Neural Circuitry of Trust and Trust Adaptation in Humans | Type | Abstract | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Neuron | Abbreviated Journal | Neuron |
| Volume | 58 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 639-650 |
| Keywords | Sysneuro; Sysbio | ||||
| Abstract | Trust and betrayal of trust are ubiquitous in human societies. Recent behavioral evidence shows that the neuropeptide oxytocin increases trust among humans, thus offering a unique chance of gaining a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying trust and the adaptation to breach of trust. We examined the neural circuitry of trusting behavior by combining the intranasal, double-blind, administration of oxytocin with fMRI. We find that subjects in the oxytocin group show no change in their trusting behavior after they learned that their trust had been breached several times while subjects receiving placebo decrease their trust. This difference in trust adaptation is associated with a specific reduction in activation in the amygdala, the midbrain regions, and the dorsal striatum in subjects receiving oxytocin, suggesting that neural systems mediating fear processing (amygdala and midbrain regions) and behavioral adaptations to feedback information (dorsal striatum) modulate oxytocin's effect on trust. These findings may help to develop deeper insights into mental disorders such as social phobia and autism, which are characterized by persistent fear or avoidance of social interactions. | ||||
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Cell Press, | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0896-6273 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ S0896-6273(08)00327-9 DOI - 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 | Serial | 5647 | ||
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