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Author |
Götz, C. |
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Title |
Praxishandbuch Freispringen: Gymnastik – Training – Abwechslung |
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2008 |
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80 |
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Aus dem Inhalt:
* Warum Freispringen?
* Die Ausstattung
* Der Ablauf
* Sehen lernen
* Freispringen aufbauen
* Fehler korrigieren
Kurzbeschreibung
In vielen größeren Reitställen wird das Freispringen von den dortigen Ausbildern für die untergestellten Pferde angeboten. Doch auch in Eigenregie und auf kleineren Anlagen – sowohl in der Halle als auch auf dem Reitplatz – lässt sich das Freispringen organisieren und durchführen. Es bringt Abwechslung in den Trainingsalltag von Pferden aller Rassen und Reitweisen und hat auch für Pferde, die unter dem Sattel nicht springen müssen, einen hervorragenden gymnastizierenden Effekt. Für Springpferde gehört das Freispringen zu einem durchdachten Trainingskonzept zwingend dazu – lernen sie hierbei doch, Selbstvertrauen und Routine zu gewinnen und ihre Springtechnik zu verbessern. Voraussetzung ist, dass die Menschen, die das Freispringen durchführen, die Hindernisse sachkundig aufbauen, die Pferde richtig vorbereiten und den Ablauf des Freispringens den Fähigkeiten des jeweiligen Kandidaten entsprechend gestalten. Das notwendige Handwerkszeug hierfür liefert ihnen dieses verständlich geschriebene und mit vielen erläuternden Bildern und Bildabfolgen versehene Buch.
Über den Autor
Claudia Götz, geboren 1965, ist Diplomjournalistin und arbeitet unter anderem als Sachbuchautorin. Als Matrix-Rhythmus-Therapeutin verfügt sie über umfangreiches Wissen rund um Anatomie und Physiologie der Muskulatur und bildet sich zum Beispiel im Bereich Trainingslehre regelmäßig weiter. Die Berittführerin FN und begeisterte Vielseitigkeits- und Freizeitreiterin lebt in der Nähe von Regensburg. |
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Cadmos Verlag |
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Brunsbek |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4954 |
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Author |
Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. |
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Title |
Comparing Networks |
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2008 |
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Exploring Animal Social Networks |
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141-162 |
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Social network analysis is used widely in the social sciences to study interactions among people, groups, and organizations, yet until now there has been no book that shows behavioral biologists how to apply it to their work on animal populations. Exploring Animal Social Networks provides a practical guide for researchers, undergraduates, and graduate students in ecology, evolutionary biology, animal behavior, and zoology.
Existing methods for studying animal social structure focus either on one animal and its interactions or on the average properties of a whole population. This book enables researchers to probe animal social structure at all levels, from the individual to the population. No prior knowledge of network theory is assumed. The authors give a step-by-step introduction to the different procedures and offer ideas for designing studies, collecting data, and interpreting results. They examine some of today's most sophisticated statistical tools for social network analysis and show how they can be used to study social interactions in animals, including cetaceans, ungulates, primates, insects, and fish. Drawing from an array of techniques, the authors explore how network structures influence individual behavior and how this in turn influences, and is influenced by, behavior at the population level. Throughout, the authors use two software packages--UCINET and NETDRAW--to illustrate how these powerful analytical tools can be applied to different animal social organizations.
Darren P. Croft is lecturer in animal behavior at the University of Wales, Bangor. Richard James is senior lecturer in physics at the University of Bath. Jens Krause is professor of behavioral ecology at the University of Leeds.
Reviews:
“Exploring Animal Social Networks shows behavioral biologists how to apply social network theory to animal populations. In doing so, Croft, James, and Krause illustrate the connections between an animal's individual behaviors and how these, in turn, influence and are influenced by behavior at the population level. . . . Valuable for readers interested in using quantitative analyses to study animal social behaviors.”--Choice
“[T]his volume provides an engaging, accessible, and timely introduction to the use of network theory methods for examining the social behavior of animals.”--Noa Pinter-Wollman, Quarterly Review of Biology
“The book is a useful 'handbook' providing detailed, stepwise procedures sufficient to allow the reader to address a broad range of questions about social interactions. . . . The book includes numerous examples of the kind of research questions one might ask, and, thus, it allows the reader to find the analysis that best fits the data set to be analyzed. Thus, even readers with minimal prior knowledge of social network analysis will be able to apply this approach. And if further assistance is needed, the authors provide numerous references to specific procedures that have been used by others.”--Thomas R. Zentall, PsycCRITIQUES
Endorsements:
“An important and timely addition to the literature. This book should be readily accessible to researchers who are interested in animal social organization but who have little or no experience in conducting network analysis. The book is well-written in an engaging style and contains a good number of examples drawn from a range of taxonomic groups.”--Paul R. Moorcroft, Harvard University
More Endorsements
Table of Contents:
Preface vii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Social Networks 1
Chapter 2: Data Collection 19
Chapter 3: Visual Exploration 42
Chapter 4: Node-Based Measures 64
Chapter 5: Statistical Tests of Node-Based Measures 88
Chapter 6: Searching for Substructures 117
Chapter 7: Comparing Networks 141
Chapter 8: Conclusions 163
Glossary of Frequently Used Terms 173
References 175
Index 187
Subject Area:
* Biological Sciences |
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Princton University Press |
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Princeton, NY |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4955 |
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Author |
Virányi, Zs.; Range, F.; Huber, L. |
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Title |
Attentiveness toward others and social learning in domestic dogs. |
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2008 |
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Learning from Animals?: Examining the Nature of Human Uniqueness |
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141-154 |
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Psychology Press |
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New York, NY |
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Röska-hardy,L.S.. ;Neumann-held, E. |
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978-1-84169-707-9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4974 |
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Rands, S.A.; Cowlishaw, G.; Pettifor, R.A.; Rowcliffe, J.M.; Johnstone, R.A. |
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Title |
The emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the qualities of individuals differ |
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2008 |
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BMC Evolutionary Biology |
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BMC Evol Biol |
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8 |
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51 |
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Animals; *Feeding Behavior; *Food Chain; *Models, Biological; *Social Dominance |
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BACKGROUND: Foraging in groups offers animals a number of advantages, such as increasing their likelihood of finding food or detecting and avoiding predators. In order for a group to remain together, there has to be some degree of coordination of behaviour and movement between its members (which may in some cases be initiated by a decision-making leader, and in other cases may emerge as an underlying property of the group). For example, behavioural synchronisation is a phenomenon where animals within a group initiate and then continue to conduct identical behaviours, and has been characterised for a wide range of species. We examine how a pair of animals should behave using a state-dependent approach, and ask what conditions are likely to lead to behavioural synchronisation occurring, and whether one of the individuals is more likely to act as a leader. RESULTS: The model we describe considers how the energetic gain, metabolic requirements and predation risks faced by the individuals affect measures of their energetic state and behaviour (such as the degree of behavioural synchronisation seen within the pair, and the value to an individual of knowing the energetic state of its colleague). We explore how predictable changes in these measures are in response to changes in physiological requirements and predation risk. We also consider how these measures should change when the members of the pair are not identical in their metabolic requirements or their susceptibility to predation. We find that many of the changes seen in these measures are complex, especially when asymmetries exist between the members of the pair. CONCLUSION: Analyses are presented that demonstrate that, although these general patterns are robust, care needs to be taken when considering the effects of individual differences, as the relationship between individual differences and the resulting qualitative changes in behaviour may be complex. We discuss how these results are related to experimental observations, and how the model and its predictions could be extended. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. sean.rands@bristol.ac.uk |
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1471-2148 |
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PMID:18282297 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5126 |
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Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. (eds) |
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Title |
Exploring Animal Social Networks |
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2008 |
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Princton University Press |
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Princton |
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Croft, D. P.; James, R..; Krause, J. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5139 |
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Siniscalchi, M.; Quaranta, A.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Hemispheric specialization in dogs for processing different acoustic stimuli |
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2008 |
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PloS ONE |
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3 |
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e3349 |
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5415 |
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Author |
Hoffmann; G. |
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Title |
Bewegungsaktivität und Stressbelastung bei Pferden in Auslaufhaltungssystemen mit verschiedenen Bewegungsangeboten |
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2008 |
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Dissertation |
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Pferdehaltungssysteme mit angrenzenden Ausläufen gelten als eine sehr tiergerechte
Haltungsform, da sie den Tieren eine gewisse Bewegungsmöglichkeit
bieten. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, zu erfassen, ob der angrenzende
Auslauf selbst einen ausreichenden Anreiz zur Bewegung darstellt und wie sich verschiedene
Bewegungs- und Platzangebote auf die Bewegungsaktivität von Pferden
in einer Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung auswirken. Zudem wurde ermittelt, welche Auswirkung
die Bewegungsform bzw. –intensität auf das Wohlbefinden der Tiere hat.
Der Großteil der in Deutschland gehaltenen Pferde verbringt die meiste Zeit des
Tages im Stall, obwohl mittlerweile bekannt ist, dass Pferde unter natürlichen
Haltungsbedingungen 12 bis 16 Stunden des Tages in Bewegung verbringen. Der
Optimierung der Stallhaltungssysteme gilt daher ein besonderes Interesse.
Zu diesem Zweck wurden von September 2004 bis Oktober 2005 Versuche mit 24
Warmblutstuten im Alter von 1½ bis 3½ Jahren in Einzel- und Gruppen-
Auslaufhaltungssystemen durchgeführt. Jeweils sechs Pferde bildeten eine Versuchsgruppe.
In jeder Gruppe fanden fünf Varianten von einer ca. dreiwöchigen
Dauer statt. Die Gruppenhaltung wurde dabei durch drei unterschiedliche Zusatzbewegungsangebote
(2 Std. Weide / Tag, 2 Std. unbegrünte Koppel / Tag, 1 Std. Freilauf-
Führanlage / Tag) ergänzt. In der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung (Box mit 45 m²-großem
angrenzenden Auslauf) und in einer Versuchsvariante der Gruppenhaltung bekamen
die Pferde hingegen keine zusätzliche Bewegung außerhalb des Stallhaltungssystems
angeboten. Das Gruppenhaltungssystem selbst war durch die räumliche
Trennung der Funktionsbereiche (Liegen, Fressen, Trinken, Bewegen) gekennzeichnet
und der angrenzende Auslauf war 270 m² groß. In einer zusätzlichen Versuchsphase
fand in der Gruppenhaltung eine Erweiterung des permanent zugänglichen
Auslaufs auf insg. 540 m² statt.
Die Bewegungsaktivität wurde mit Pedometern erfasst, die an jeweils einem Hinterbein
der Pferde befestigt wurden und ergänzend fand eine Analyse von Videoaufzeichnungen
statt. Zur Beurteilung der Stressbelastung fanden Messungen der Herz192
Zusammenfassung
frequenzvariabilität (Parameter HF und SD2) und der fäkalen Cortisolmetabolitenkonzentration
statt.
Die Auswertung des Bewegungsverhaltens ergab, dass eine zusätzliche zweistündige
freie Bewegung der Pferdegruppe auf einer Weide zu einer deutlichen
Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Bewegungsaktivität (149,6 Min. / Tag) führt,
ebenso wie eine einstündige Bewegung in einer Führanlage (173,0 Min. / Tag). Eine
unbegrünte Koppel regte die Pferde der Gruppenhaltung hingegen nicht zu vermehrter
Bewegung an (131,6 Min. / Tag), sondern bewirkte z. T. sogar eine Abnahme
der Bewegungsaktivität. In der Gruppen-Auslaufhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
war die Bewegungsaktivität ebenfalls gering (125,8 Min / Tag) und
während der Einzel-Auslaufhaltung ohne Zusatzbewegung zeigten die Pferde die
geringste Bewegungsaktivität (102,3 Min. / Tag).
Bei der alleinigen Analyse der Bewegungszeit im Stallhaltungssystem war kein signifikanter
Einfluss der zusätzlichen Bewegung außerhalb des Stallsystems auf die
übrige Fortbewegung feststellbar.
Auch eine Vergrößerung des an den Stall angrenzenden Auslaufs im Gruppenhaltungssystem
hatte keinen steigernden Einfluss auf das Bewegungsverhalten der
Pferde.
Die Stressbelastung der Pferde war in den Varianten der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem
Weidegang (SD2: 82,9 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 29,0 nmol / kg Kot) sowie
der einstündigen Bewegung in einer Freilauf-Führanlage (SD2: 99,2 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
27,7 nmol / kg Kot) am geringsten. Die Untersuchungen zeigten eine
Stresszunahme in der Gruppenhaltung mit zweistündigem Auslauf auf einer unbegrünten
Koppel ohne Futterangebot (SD2: 101,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
39,6 nmol / kg Kot) sowie in der Variante der Gruppenhaltung ohne zusätzliches Bewegungsangebot
(SD2: 113,3 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten: 38,4 nmol / kg Kot). Dem
Mittelwert der Gruppe nach zu folgern hatten die Pferde während der Einzelhaltung
ohne Zusatzbewegung eine sehr große Stressbelastung (SD2: 123,8 ms; Cortisolmetaboliten:
37,5 nmol / kg Kot). Ein Vergleich der Gruppen- und Einzelhaltung hinsichtlich
der Herzfrequenzvariabilität hat jedoch gezeigt, dass insg. 70 % der Pferde
während der Haltung in einer Gruppe weniger Stress empfinden. Es gab aber auch
Zusammenfassung 193
Pferde (30 %), die in der Einzelhaltung eine abnehmende Stressbelastung zeigten,
wobei hier der Einfluss der Rangordnung eine entscheidende Rolle zu spielen
scheint.
Durch die Auswertung mehrerer Messparameter (sowohl für Stress- als auch für Bewegungsverhalten)
werden gleichgerichtete Tendenzen bei den Versuchsvarianten
deutlich, allerdings ist eine eindeutige Gewichtung der Parameter nicht möglich.
Somit ist die methodische Vorgehensweise dieser Untersuchung sehr positiv und als
notwendig anzusehen, da die Messdaten auch immer gewissen Schwankungen
durch externe Einflüsse unterliegen.
Allgemein ist festzuhalten, dass Auslaufhaltungssysteme zwar eine gewisse
Anregung zur Bewegung bieten, aber mit maximal vier Stunden (insg. 62 – 248 Min.)
Bewegung pro Tag war der tägliche Anteil an Bewegung sehr viel geringer als
beispielsweise bei Pferden in freier Wildbahn oder ganzjähriger Weidehaltung. Somit
deckt ein Auslaufhaltungssystem trotz getrennter Funktionsbereiche und eines
großen Auslaufs nicht den Bewegungsbedarf der Pferde, wenn keine zusätzlichen
Bewegungsanreize und –möglichkeiten angeboten werden.
Eine zusätzliche Bewegung von Pferden ist nicht nur zur Gesunderhaltung des
Bewegungsapparates und der Körperfunktionen notwendig, sondern auch um das
Wohlbefinden und die Ausgeglichenheit der Pferde zu steigern.
[Horse husbandry systems with close-by discharge are considered to be a very livestock-
friendly housing form, as they offer a certain movement opportunity for the
animals. The aim of the present study was to examine how different movement and
space offerings affect the movement activities of horses in a group horse husbandry
with close-by discharge, and whether the discharge provides itself an adequate
incentive for movement. The impact that the form or rather intensity of movement has
on the wellbeing of the animals was also established.
Most of the horses held in Germany spend most of the day in the stable, although it is
meanwhile known that horses under natural housing conditions are 12 to 16 hours of
the day in motion. Therefore the improvement of stable housing systems applies a
special interest.
For this purpose, 24 warmblood mares, aged from 1½ to 3½ years, were studied in
single and group discharge husbandry systems from September 2004 until October
2005. Six horses formed an experimental group. In every group five variants of approximately
three weeks were proceeded. Thereby the group husbandry was supplemented
with three different additional movement opportunities (2 h pasture / day,
2 h non-grassy pasture land / day, 1 h free range horse walker / day). In the single
discharge husbandry (single box with 45 sq. m-large close-by discharge) and in one
experimental variant of the group husbandry got the horses, however, offered no additional
movement outside the husbandry system. The group husbandry system itself
was marked by the spatial division of the functional areas (lying, eating, drinking,
moving) and the close-by discharge measured 270 sq. m. In an additional phase of
the study, and expansion of the permanently accessible close-by discharge to
540 sq. m was found.
The movement activity was documented with pedometers attached respectively to
one hind leg of the horse and a supplementary analysis of video documentation. To
evaluate the stress exposure measurements of heart frequency variability (parameters
HF and SD2) and of the faecal cortisol metabolite concentration were performed.
Summary 195
The interpretation of the movement behaviour showed that additional two hours of
free movement on a pasture led to a significant increase in the average movement
activity (149.6 min / day), as well as one hour movement in a horsewalker did
(173.0 min / day). The non-grassy pasture land, however, didn’t inspire the horses of
the group husbandry to increased movement (131.6 min / day), but sometimes even
caused a decrease in movement activity. In the group discharge husbandry without
additional movement opportunities the movement activity was also low
(125.8 min / day), and during the single discharge husbandry without additional
movement the horses showed the least movement activity (102.3 min / day).
In analysing only the movement time in the stable system was no significant impact
of the additional movement outside the housing system to the rest of locomotion
ascertainable.
As well an expansion of the close-by stable discharge in the group husbandry system
had no increasing influence on the movement behaviour of the horses.
The stress exposure of the horses was least in the variations of group husbandry
with two hours on a pasture (SD2: 82.9 ms; cortisol metabolites: 29.0 nmol / kg faeces)
as well as one hour of movement in a free range horse walker (SD2: 99.2 ms;
cortisol metabolites: 27.7 nmol / kg faeces). The studies showed a rise in stress in
group husbandry with two hours of movement on a non-grassy pasture land without
feeding opportunity (SD2: 101.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 39.6 nmol / kg faeces) as
well as in the variation of the group husbandry without additional movement offerings
(SD2: 113.3 ms; cortisol metabolites: 38.4 nmol / kg faeces). Judging from the mean
of the group the horses had a very high stress exposure in the variation of the single
husbandry without additional movement offerings (SD2: 123.8 ms; cortisol metabolites:
37.5 nmol / kg faeces). But a comparison of the group and single husbandry in
terms of the heart frequency variability showed that alltogether 70 % of the horses
experienced less stress if hold in a group. However, some horses (30 %) showed
reducing stress in the single husbandry, whereas here the influence of social hierarchy
seems to play a decisive role.
196 Summary
In consequence of the examination of several measuring parameters (both for stressand
for movement behaviour) parallel aligned tendencies become apparent in the
experimental variants, however, is a unique weighting of the parameters not possible.
Thus, the methodological approach of this study is to be regarde as very positive and
necessary, since the data always vary with some fluctuations by external influences.
In general it can be established that discharge husbandry systems offer some incentive
for the horse to move, but with a maximum of four hours (overall 62 – 248 min) of
movement per day, the daily proportion of movement was much less than, for example,
in the case of wild horses or year-round pasture keeping. Thus, if no additional
movement incentives and possibilities are offered, the discharge husbandry system
doesn’t cover the movement needs of the horse despite separate functional areas
and a large outside discharge.
Additional movement is not only necessary to keep the musculoskeletal system and
bodily functions of the horse healthy, but also to ensure the horse’s well being and
mental balance.] |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5660 |
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Streit, S.; Zeitler-Feicht, M. H.; Dempfle, L. |
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Gibt es in der Gruppenhaltung von Pferden bei der Abruffütterung am Automaten mehr Auseinandersetzungen als bei der Fütterung in Fressständen? [Keeping horses in groups, are there more confrontations when feeding is done with automatic feeding systems than with feeding stalls?] |
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2008 |
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KTBL-Schriften |
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471 |
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Das Droh- und Meideverhalten von 270 Pferden wurde im Fressbereich von 10 Offenlaufställen
mit Fressständen und 11 Offenlaufställen mit computergesteuerten Abrufstationen
anhand von visuellen kontinuierlichen Direktbeobachtungen erfasst. Diese erfolgten je Betrieb
über einen 24-Stunden-Tag, der nach dem Tortenstückverfahren (6x4 Stunden) zusammengesetzt
war.
Insgesamt wurden 6297 agonistische Verhaltensweisen in, vor und hinter den
Fütterungseinrichtungen registriert (Meiden 40,6 %, Verdrängen 12,8 %, Beißen/ Hinterhandschlag/
Angehen 12,7 % und Drohen/ Drohbeißen/ Hinterhanddrohen 33,9 %). In den
Futterstationen wurden 22,5 % dieses Verhaltens beobachtet, vor und hinter den Futterstationen
77,5 %. Bei den Betrieben mit Fressständen fanden 31 % der agonistischen Verhaltensweisen
in den Ständen statt, bei den Betrieben mit Abruffütterung 21 %.
Der Einfl uss des einzelnen Betriebes (innerhalb Fütterungssystem) auf die agonistischen
Verhaltensweisen vor und hinter den Fütterungseinrichtungen war signifi kant. Die Auswertung
ergab, dass Drohgesten im Wartebereich von Abrufstationen häufi ger auftreten
als in dem von Fressständen. Demgegenüber können Pferde in Abrufstationen ungestörter
fressen. Insgesamt betrachtet war jedoch die Anzahl an sozionegativen Interaktionen im
Bereich der Futtereinrichtungen bei beiden Fütterungssystemen gering. Die agonistischen
Verhaltensweisen wurden zusätzlich noch von der Heumenge und dem Konstitutionstyp
beeinfl usst.
Der Betrieb erwies sich als maßgeblicher Einfl ussfaktor. Als Resümee ergibt sich, dass
bei ordnungsgemäßer Gruppenhaltung mit fachgerechtem Management beide Fütterungssysteme
für Pferde im Offenlaufstall geeignet sind.
[The threatening and avoiding behaviour of 270 horses living in run-out sheds was observed
at 10 stables with feeding stalls and at 11 stables with automatic feeding systems for hay
and concentrates. Every group of horses was observed on five succeeding days visually
and immediately for 6 sessions, each of 4 hours. These 6 slices form together 24 hours, a
complete day.
Altogether, 6297 agonistic behaviour patterns were registered in front of, inside and
behind the feeding stations (avoiding behaviour 40.6 %, edging out of others 12.8 %,
Auseinandersetzungen an automatischer Abruffütterung und Fressständen
KTBL-Schrift 471 79
biting/rear leg kicking/charging 12.7 % und threatening/biting threats/rear leg kicking
threats 33.9 %). 22.5 % of these types of behaviour were recorded in the feeding stations,
77.5 % together in front and behind of these. In the stables with feeding stalls there were
31 % of the observed threatening gestures inside the feeding stations, in the stables with
automatic feeders only 21 %.
The individual farm showed signifi cant infl uence on the modes of agonistic behaviour
in front and behind the feeding facilities. Threatening gestures happen more often in the
waiting area of automatic feeders than in that of feeding stalls. On the other hand horses
in computer controlled systems will be less disturbed at eating. All together the number
of negative interactions in the feeding area at both feeding systems was relatively low.
In addition the agonistic behaviour was infl uenced by the quantity of hay and the constitutional
typ of the horses.
Because of the management of the individual stable exercises the most substantial
infl uence on the behaviour of the horses, it can be said, that, correct group keeping with
professional management provided, both feeding systems are suitable for horses in run-in
sheds.] |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5763 |
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Author |
Whitehead , H. |
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Title |
Analyzing Animal Societies. Quantitative Methods for Vertebrate Social Analysis |
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2008 |
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University of Chicago Press |
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chicago |
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EAN: 9780226895246 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5838 |
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Hoppitt, W.; Laland, K.N. |
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Title |
Social processes influencing learning in animals: a review of the evidence |
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2008 |
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Adv Study Behav |
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38 |
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105-165 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Hoppitt2008 |
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6260 |
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