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Cohen, J. |
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Title |
Animal behavior. The world through a chimp's eyes |
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2007 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
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Science |
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316 |
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5821 |
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44-45 |
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Animal Communication; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Culture; Memory; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Social Behavior; Tool Use Behavior |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:17412932 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2832 |
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Author |
Morell, V. |
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Title |
Nicola Clayton profile. Nicky and the jays |
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2007 |
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Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
315 |
Issue |
5815 |
Pages |
1074-1075 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; England; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Intelligence; Memory; Passeriformes/*physiology; Portraits |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:17322042 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2833 |
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Author |
Bell, A.M. |
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Title |
Evolutionary biology: animal personalities |
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2007 |
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Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
447 |
Issue |
7144 |
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539-540 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; *Models, Biological; Personality/genetics/*physiology; Reproduction/genetics/physiology; Risk-Taking; Selection (Genetics) |
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1476-4687 |
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PMID:17538607 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4099 |
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Wood, J.N.; Glynn, D.D.; Phillips, B.C.; Hauser, M.D. |
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online material |
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2007 |
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Science |
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Science |
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317 |
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5843 |
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1402-1405 |
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Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. |
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10.1126/science.1144663 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4242 |
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Author |
Hübener, Eberhard |
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Title |
Horse-Appropriate Aids And Their Timer |
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2007 |
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www.reiten-lesen-denken.de |
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Harmony between man and horse, and the rider`s understanding of the function of a horse`s body and mind – these are things that knowledgeable horsemen have demanded for centuries. Constant, focussed attention enables the horse to understand barely visible signals from its herd leader or its rider (!) and to act upon them instantly. Thus it is not necessary to treat a horse as if it were either unwilling or deaf.
When the rider sits in perfect balance, his leg tends to fall “self-actively” against the horse`s trunk as it swings away when the horse`s hind leg on the same side moves forwards. This is the only moment in which a horse is able to immediately follow the signal from the rider to move forwards, sideways, or to hold back. Video footage proves what we already knew more than a hundred years ago, but which our sports organisations have somehow managed to forget. Of course we should not let our leg fall against the horse all the time, because then the horse will not register this as a signal. It is explained how to “switch on” and “switch off” the leg signals.
For the equestrian standards in this country, it is essential that young riders are familiarized with the “self-active” leg, as soon as they are halfway firm in the saddle. Youngsters learn this easily and never forget it again; it is far more difficult for adults, as the pelvic ring is no longer so flexible. As there is a definite lack of good riding lessons, an instructive video on this subject would be extremely useful. Sponsors are urgently required!
For riders who have mastered the balanced seat and can feel how their leg falls against the horse`s trunk as it swings away, riding becomes primarily a matter of self discipline.
If we do not examine these matters scientifically, we are in danger of loosing the most important elements of the equestrian art. With this thought in mind, the author uses this essay to argue once again for interdisciplinary research of equitation at universities, and for the support of these projects by high ranking organisations. |
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Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ |
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4320 |
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Author |
Reimer, M. |
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Investigation of appeasement signals in domestic dogs |
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2007 |
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University of Sussex |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Sussex |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5305 |
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Author |
Rehage; C. |
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Title |
Klinische Symptomatik und Einfluss eines Nasennetzes auf die Leistung von Turnierpferden mit Headshaking |
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2007 |
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Dissertation |
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Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover |
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Hannover |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5631 |
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May, A. |
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Title |
Evaluierung von Stressparametern beim Pferd im Zusammenhang mit dem Klinikaufenthalt [Evaluation of stress parameters in the hospitalized horse] |
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2007 |
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Ein Klinikaufenthalt stellt für Pferde eine Stresssituation dar und viele Pferde erkranken
während eines Klinikaufenthalts an Stress-assoziierten Erkrankungen. Eine der häufigsten ist
die so genannte Colitis X, eine oft tödlich verlaufende Durchfallerkrankung. Da es im Verlauf
dieser Erkrankungen zu einem Verlust der Tiere kommen kann, hat ihre Vermeidung oberste
Priorität.
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, herauszufinden, inwieweit bei den Pferden der
klinisch erkennbare Stress mit Veränderungen messbarer Blutparameter (Hämatokrit,
Gesamteiweiß, Leukozyten, Glukose, Laktat, Kortisol) einhergeht und dabei einen Parameter
zu finden, mit dem Stress beim Klinikpatienten Pferd verlässlich und möglichst einfach
evaluiert werden kann. Zudem wurden in dieser Studie Freie Sauerstoffradikale („oxidativer
Stress“) und IgA im Kot bestimmt, um diese Parameter auf ihre klinische Verwendbarkeit zu
prüfen und zu untersuchen, inwieweit Stress mit dem lokalen Immunglobulingehalt
interferiert. Einigen ausgewählten Pferden wurde zudem der Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® der
Firma Pfizer appliziert, um dessen Wirkung auf die untersuchten Parameter festzustellen.
Es wurden 110 Patienten der Klinik für Pferde untersucht, die in dem Zeitraum der Studie
zufällig hospitalisiert wurden. Die Pferde wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe
wurde in der Klinik operiert, die zweite nur stationär behandelt. Des Weiteren wurde eine
Kontrollgruppe in ihrem Heimatstall zum Vergleich miteinbezogen, die in den letzten sechs
Wochen vor der Studie nicht transportiert oder anderweitig belastet worden war.
Den Pferden wurde in definierten Abständen Blut und Kot entnommen, um den Einfluss von
Transport, Operation und Klinikstress möglichst gut zu erfassen. Die Zeitpunkte waren direkt
nach der Einlieferung, am Morgen vor der Narkose, nach der Aufstehphase und sowohl einen
als auch vier Tage nach der Narkose. Pferden, die nicht operiert wurden und der
Kontrollgruppe wurden insgesamt dreimal Blut und Kot (Tag 1, 3, Tag vor der Entlassung)
entnommen.
Für die Zylexis®-Studie wurden Vitrektomie-Patienten ausgewählt, da diese ein gutes Beispiel
für eine kurze, wenig traumatische Operation darstellen. Diese Pferde wurden mit den
anderen Pferden, die leichten Operationen unterzogen wurden, verglichen.
Bereits nach dem unterschiedlich langen Transport zeigten die Pferde signifikante Anstiege
von Gesamtleukozytenzahl, dem Verhältnis neutrophiler Granulozyten zu Lymphozyten
(N:L-Verhältnis), Glukose und den klinischen Parametern (Herzfrequenz, Atemfrequenz,
Körpertemperatur). Die IgA-Konzentration im Kot sank bei den eingelieferten Pferden nach
Einlieferung erst ab, um sich dann vermutlich durch den Kontakt mit den fremden Antigenen
in der Klinik reflektorisch zu erhöhen. Auffällig war, dass die Kortisolkonzentration nach
dem Transport bei den als „nervös, sensibel“ eingestuften Pferden signifikant höher lag als bei
den „ruhigen, ausgeglichenen“ Pferden.
Weitere deutliche Veränderungen zeigten sich nach den Operationen. Glukose, Kortisol und
das N:L-Verhältnis wiesen nach den unterschiedlich langen Eingriffen höhere Konzentrationen
auf. Die Laktatkonzentration stieg signifikant bereits nach der Operation und
anschließend noch weiter nach der Aufstehphase. Dies ist primär auf die Muskelbelastung
zurückzuführen, da Laktat vor allem muskulären Ursprungs ist. Hämatokrit und Gesamteiweiß
sanken nach der Narkose aufgrund der intraoperativ verabreichten Infusionen ab.
Einem starken hoch signifikanten Konzentrationsabfall unterlag auch der IgA-Gehalt im Kot.
Dabei war kein Unterschied zwischen den verschiedenen Operationstraumata festzustellen.
Ansonsten unterlagen die Pferde, die mit hochgradig gestörtem Allgemeinbefinden zu einer
Notoperation eingeliefert wurden, viel deutlicheren Veränderungen als die anderen Pferde.
Die Freien Radikale zeigten überhaupt keinen charakteristischen Verlauf. Sie schienen
allerdings bei den chronisch erkrankten Pferden erhöht zu sein. Des Weiteren zeigten sie
Erhöhungen bei bestimmten Erkrankungen („Equine Motor Neuron Disease“, Hufrehe).
Bei den Pferden, die Zylexis® verabreicht bekamen, konnte eine Tendenz zur Verbesserung
des Immunstatus nachgewiesen werden. Es fiel ein deutlich höherer Gesamteiweißgehalt auf,
der wahrscheinlich auf eine vermehrte Produktion von Immunglobulinen zurückzuführen ist.
Außerdem war die Kortisolkonzentration nach der Operation signifikant niedriger. Der IgAGehalt
zeigte einen weniger deutlichen Konzentrationsabfall, was aber statistisch nicht belegt
werden konnte.
Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das N:L-Verhältnis und Glukose geeignete Parameter
darstellen um zuverlässig den Stress, dem ein Pferd ausgesetzt ist, zu evaluieren. Kortisol ist
vorsichtig zu interpretieren, da es großen individuellen Schwankungen ausgesetzt ist.
Die Bestimmung von IgA im Kot gibt Aufschluss über den lokalen Immunstatus des
Intestinaltrakts. Da es bei allen Pferden postoperativ zu signifikanten Konzentrationsabfällen
kam, sind Pferde nach jeder Operation offensichtlich prädisponiert, eine Darmerkrankung,
wie beispielsweise Colitis X, zu entwickeln. Kortisol scheint auch Einfluss auf das lokale
Immunsystem zu nehmen, da hohe Kortisolwerte mit einem niedrigen IgA-Gehalt im Kot
korrelierten.
Um die Zusammenhänge der Blutparameter und der Colitis X näher zu erforschen und
insbesondere um die „kritischen“ IgA-Konzentrationen zu ermitteln, wären noch weiterführende
Untersuchungen aufschlußreich.
[Many horses in clinics display symptoms of stress-associated diseases. One of the most feared
is the so-called Colitis X, an often fatal ending diarrhea. As death occurs quite often in the
course of those diseases, their avoidance has first priority.
The aim of the following study was to find out whether signs of stress which are displayed by
the horses correlate with measurable blood parameters. Furthermore we tried to find a
parameter which was suitable to evaluate stress in hospitalized horses.
Apart from the commonly measured parameters (hematocrit, total protein, leucocytes,
glucose, lactate, corticosterone) we tried to include free oxygen radicals in this study.
Immunoglobulin A in faeces was investigated to find out how stress interfered with the local
immune system. A Paramunityinducer often used in Germany (Zylexis®) was administered to
10 selected horses to research its effect on the different parameters.
110 patients hospitalized in the horse clinic were examined. First the horses were organized
into two groups. One group underwent surgery and the other one received stationary
treatment. Furthermore a control group was taken into account which had not been
transported or subjected to stress in six weeks prior to the study.
The horses were drawn blood and collected faeces in defined intervals to register the
influence of transport, operation and clinic stress. Blood samples were taken directly after the
transport, prior to the operation, right after surgery and one day and four days after the
operation. Horses which did not undergo surgery including the control group were drawn
blood and faeces three times (day 1, 3, and the day prior to discharge from the clinic).
For the paramunity investigation patients for vitrectomy were chosen as they display a good
example for short little traumatic operations. Those were compared with other horses brought
into the clinic for short operations.
After the transport to the clinic horses showed significant increases in leukocyte
concentration, N:L-ratio, glucose and the clinical parameters (heart rate, breathing rate, body
temperature). The immunoglobulin concentration decreased after the transport to rapidly rise
after contact with antigens from the clinic environment.
Horses categorized as “nervous, sensitive” displayed significantly higher corticosterone
concentrations after the transport than horses categorized as “cool, calm”. Other distinct
variations showed after the operations. The lactate concentrations increased significantly after
anaesthesia and went up even further after the horse got up afterwards. This is due to
muscular fatigue as lactate is mainly produced in the muscles. Glucose, corticosterone and the
N:L-ratio also displayed higher concentrations after the operation.
Hematocrit and total protein concentrations decreased after anaesthesia ascribed to infusions
during operation. After anaesthesia a highly significant reduction of immunoglobulin
concentrations in the faeces was determined. No influence of the different operation traumas
could be recognized.
That was surprising as in all other cases horses in very bad general condition displayed
distinct changes.
The free oxygen radicals did not show any characteristic pattern. There appeared to be a
higher concentration in horses with chronic illnesses. Furthermore some diseases, like Equine
Motor Neuron Disease and laminitis, seemed to have an increasing impact on the oxygen
radicals.
Zylexis® showed a tendency to improve the immune status of the horses in this study. The
paramunized horses had more total serum protein than the others. This could be due to an
increased production of Immunoglobulins. Additionally the corticosterone concentration after
the operation stayed on a significantly lower level. The local immunoglobulin A
concentrations did not appear to decrease as much as in the non-paramunized horses but it
was not possible to statistically prove this statement.
The results of this study show that the N:L-ratio and glucose might be suitable parameters to
reliably evaluate the stress that has an effect on the hospitalized horse. Corticosterone values
have to be interpreted carefully as they are very prone to individual variations.
Measuring immunoglobulins in faeces provides information about the local intestinal immune
status. Since all horses showed significant lower immunoglobulin concentrations after the
anesthesia/operation they obviously lack immune protection and are therefore predisposed for
developing enteritis, as Colitis X. In this study corticosterone seemed to influence the local
immune system as high concentrations of corticosterone correlated with low immunoglobulin
levels.
To understand the circumstances more thoroughly and to find out which factors have to be
present additionally in order for the horses to fall ill with Colitis X, further investigations have
to be made.] |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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LMU München |
Place of Publication |
München |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5902 |
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Author |
Robinson, H.C. |
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Title |
Equine interspecies aggression |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
The Veterinary record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
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Volume |
160 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
244 |
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Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Equidae; Horses/*physiology/*psychology |
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English |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:17308028 |
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1773 |
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Author |
Boissevain, I. |
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Title |
[Animal and human rights in installments] |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd |
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Volume |
132 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
132 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Clinical Competence/*standards; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Humans; Netherlands; Time Factors; Veterinary Medicine/*methods/*standards |
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Dutch |
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Original Title |
Dierenrechten en mensenrechten in termijnen |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0040-7453 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Area |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:17366876 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4018 |
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