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Peterson, R. O. |
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Title |
The Wolves of Isle Royale: A Broken Balance |
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2007 |
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About the Book
“Few can rival what Rolf Peterson has accomplished on Isle Royale. His study, a true classic, offers lessons and examples to us all who hope to do the same. This book reveals some of the secrets and details of this one-of-a-kind wolf study.”
-Douglas W. Smith, Leader, Yellowstone Wolf Project
For nearly half a century Isle Royale National Park has been the site of a comprehensive study on wolves (2008 marks the fiftieth anniversary)-the world's longest-running study on any wild animal. With its lush northern landscape and wolf and moose populations, the pristine and isolated park presents an ideal laboratory for wildlife biologists.
The Wolves of Isle Royale is author and wildlife biologist Rolf Peterson's fascinating firsthand account of the relationship that exists between the wolf and the moose on the island. Illustrated with over 100 photographs, this book reveals the true nature of the mysterious and little-understood wolf, and it offers novel solutions to the conservation crisis as the wolf population falters to its lowest recorded level.
Rolf O. Peterson is known worldwide for his wolf research. His photographs have been published in National Geographic, Audubon, and National Wildlife. He is Professor of Wildlife Ecology at Michigan Technological University.
Cover photo credit: Rolf O. Peterson |
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The university of Michigan Press |
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Michigan |
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978-0-472-03261-7 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4716 |
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Pérez-Barbería, F.J.; Shultz, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.; Janis, C. |
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Title |
Evidence For Coevolution Of Sociality And Relative Brain Size In Three Orders Of Mammals |
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2007 |
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Evolution |
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61 |
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12 |
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2811-2821 |
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Brain size, carnivores, coevolution, primates, sociality, ungulates |
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Abstract
As the brain is responsible for managing an individual's behavioral response to its environment, we should expect that large relative brain size is an evolutionary response to cognitively challenging behaviors. The “social brain hypothesis†argues that maintaining group cohesion is cognitively demanding as individuals living in groups need to be able to resolve conflicts that impact on their ability to meet resource requirements. If sociality does impose cognitive demands, we expect changes in relative brain size and sociality to be coupled over evolutionary time. In this study, we analyze data on sociality and relative brain size for 206 species of ungulates, carnivores, and primates and provide, for the first time, evidence that changes in sociality and relative brain size are closely correlated over evolutionary time for all three mammalian orders. This suggests a process of coevolution and provides support for the social brain theory. However, differences between taxonomic orders in the stability of the transition between small-brained/nonsocial and large-brained/social imply that, although sociality is cognitively demanding, sociality and relative brain size can become decoupled in some cases. Carnivores seem to have been especially prone to this. |
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doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00229.x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4781 |
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Reimer, M. |
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Investigation of appeasement signals in domestic dogs |
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2007 |
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University of Sussex |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Sussex |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5305 |
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Martin, P.; Bateson P. |
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Title |
Measuring Behaviour – An Introductory Guide |
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2007 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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Cambridge |
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Third Edition |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5402 |
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Author |
Rehage; C. |
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Title |
Klinische Symptomatik und Einfluss eines Nasennetzes auf die Leistung von Turnierpferden mit Headshaking |
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2007 |
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Dissertation |
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Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover |
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Hannover |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5631 |
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Author |
Roth, L.S.V.; Balkenius, A.; Kelber, A. |
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Title |
Colour perception in a dichromat |
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2007 |
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Journal of Experimental Biology |
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210 |
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16 |
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2795-2800 |
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Most mammals have dichromatic colour vision based on two different types of cones: a short-wavelength-sensitive cone and a long-wavelength-sensitive cone. Comparing the signal from two cone types gives rise to a one-dimensional chromatic space when brightness is excluded. The so-called `neutral point' refers to the wavelength that the animal cannot distinguish from achromatic light such as white or grey because it stimulates both cone types equally. The question is: how do dichromats perceive their chromatic space? Do they experience a continuous scale of colours or does the neutral point divide their chromatic space into two colour categories, i.e. into colours of either short or long wavelengths?We trained horses to different colour combinations in a two-choice behavioural experiment and tested their responses to the training and test colours. The horses chose colours according to their similarity/relationship to rewarded and unrewarded training colours. There was no evidence for a categorical boundary at the neutral point or elsewhere.This study suggests that dichromats perceive their chromatic space as a continuous scale of colours, treating the colour at the neutral point as any other colour they can distinguish. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5711 |
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Author |
Schino, G.; di Sorrentino, E.P.; Tiddi, B. |
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Title |
Grooming and coalitions in Japanese macaques (<em>Macaca fuscata</em>): Partner choice and the time frame reciprocation |
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2007 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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121 |
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2 |
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181-188 |
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*Altruism; *Animal Grooming Behavior; *Animal Social Behavior; *Reciprocity; Monkeys |
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Evidence of a reciprocal exchange of grooming and agonistic support in primates is mixed. In this study, the authors analyzed a large database of grooming and coalitions in captive female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to investigate their within-group distribution and temporal relations. Macaques groomed preferentially those individuals that groomed them most and supported preferentially those individuals that supported them most. They also supported preferentially those individuals that groomed them most and groomed preferentially those individuals that supported them most. These results were not explained by covariation of grooming and support with third variables such as kinship, rank, or time spent in proximity. However, receiving grooming did not increase the short-term probability of supporting a partner, and being supported did not increase the short-term probability of grooming a partner. The proximate mechanisms underlying the exchange of services were discussed in relation to the time frame of the behavioral choices made by the monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Schino, Gabriele: Via Lucilio 36, Roma, Italy, 00136, gschino@casaccia.enea.it |
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American Psychological Association |
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Us |
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1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2007-07076-007 |
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5810 |
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Carlsson, H.-E.; Lyberg, K.; Royo, F.; Hau, J. |
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Quantification of stress sensitive markers in single fecal samples do not accurately predict excretion of these in the pig |
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2007 |
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Research in Veterinary Science |
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82 |
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3 |
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423-428 |
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Cortisol; Immunoglobulin A; Stress; Pigs; Feces; Animal welfare |
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All feces produced during 24 h were collected from five pigs and cortisol and immunoreactive cortisol metabolites (CICM), and IgA were quantified. Within pigs, the concentrations of CICM and IgA varied extensively between random samples obtained from a single fecal dropping, and deviated in most cases significantly from the true concentration measured in total fecal output (CV 6.7–130%). The CICM and IgA contents varied considerably (CV 8.1–114%) within and between individual fecal droppings from the same pig compared to the total fecal excretion. In conclusion, single random samples could not be used to reliably quantify the total fecal concentration or excretion of CICM or IgA in pigs. Analyses of all feces collected during shorter periods than 24 h did not provide an accurate estimate of the daily excretion of CICM. Thus, the concentration of stress sensitive molecules in random single fecal samples as an indicator of animal welfare should be interpreted with prudence. |
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0034-5288 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5853 |
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Paramastri, Y.; Royo, F.; Eberova, J.; Carlsson, H.-E.; Sajuthi, D.; Fernstrom, A.-L.; Pamungkas, J.; Hau, J. |
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Urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A, cortisol and 11-17 dioxoandrostanes, and serum cortisol in metabolic cage housed female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) |
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2007 |
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Journal of Medical Primatology |
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36 |
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6 |
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355-364 |
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cortisol; cynomolgus monkey; immunoglobulin A; long tailed macaque; Macaca fascicularis; metabolism cage |
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Background and methods Quantitative enzyme-immunoassays of urinary and fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA), cortisol and 11-17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), and serum cortisol in eight metabolic-cage-housed female cynomolgus monkeys were performed. The monkeys were divided into two groups, B and NB. Group B animals were blood sampled every 6 hours, whereas Group NB animals were not handled/blood sampled. Results No differences were recorded between the amounts of feces and urine excreted by the two groups. Group B animals excreted more urinary cortisol than did Group NB animals indicating that restraint-blood sampling resulted in a stress response. Excreted amounts of IgA and 11,17-DOA (urine and feces) did not differ between the groups. Conclusions Urinary cortisol was a reliable marker of the stress associated with repeated blood sampling. Declining amounts of excreted urinary cortisol indicated that cynomolgus monkeys acclimated quickly to repeated blood sampling in metabolism cages. Within and between animal variation in amounts of feces voided demonstrated the importance of expressing fecal markers as ‘amounts excreted per time unit per kg body weight’ rather than just measuring the concentrations in fecal samples. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1600-0684 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5854 |
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May, A. |
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Title |
Evaluierung von Stressparametern beim Pferd im Zusammenhang mit dem Klinikaufenthalt [Evaluation of stress parameters in the hospitalized horse] |
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2007 |
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Ein Klinikaufenthalt stellt für Pferde eine Stresssituation dar und viele Pferde erkranken
während eines Klinikaufenthalts an Stress-assoziierten Erkrankungen. Eine der häufigsten ist
die so genannte Colitis X, eine oft tödlich verlaufende Durchfallerkrankung. Da es im Verlauf
dieser Erkrankungen zu einem Verlust der Tiere kommen kann, hat ihre Vermeidung oberste
Priorität.
Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, herauszufinden, inwieweit bei den Pferden der
klinisch erkennbare Stress mit Veränderungen messbarer Blutparameter (Hämatokrit,
Gesamteiweiß, Leukozyten, Glukose, Laktat, Kortisol) einhergeht und dabei einen Parameter
zu finden, mit dem Stress beim Klinikpatienten Pferd verlässlich und möglichst einfach
evaluiert werden kann. Zudem wurden in dieser Studie Freie Sauerstoffradikale („oxidativer
Stress“) und IgA im Kot bestimmt, um diese Parameter auf ihre klinische Verwendbarkeit zu
prüfen und zu untersuchen, inwieweit Stress mit dem lokalen Immunglobulingehalt
interferiert. Einigen ausgewählten Pferden wurde zudem der Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® der
Firma Pfizer appliziert, um dessen Wirkung auf die untersuchten Parameter festzustellen.
Es wurden 110 Patienten der Klinik für Pferde untersucht, die in dem Zeitraum der Studie
zufällig hospitalisiert wurden. Die Pferde wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt. Eine Gruppe
wurde in der Klinik operiert, die zweite nur stationär behandelt. Des Weiteren wurde eine
Kontrollgruppe in ihrem Heimatstall zum Vergleich miteinbezogen, die in den letzten sechs
Wochen vor der Studie nicht transportiert oder anderweitig belastet worden war.
Den Pferden wurde in definierten Abständen Blut und Kot entnommen, um den Einfluss von
Transport, Operation und Klinikstress möglichst gut zu erfassen. Die Zeitpunkte waren direkt
nach der Einlieferung, am Morgen vor der Narkose, nach der Aufstehphase und sowohl einen
als auch vier Tage nach der Narkose. Pferden, die nicht operiert wurden und der
Kontrollgruppe wurden insgesamt dreimal Blut und Kot (Tag 1, 3, Tag vor der Entlassung)
entnommen.
Für die Zylexis®-Studie wurden Vitrektomie-Patienten ausgewählt, da diese ein gutes Beispiel
für eine kurze, wenig traumatische Operation darstellen. Diese Pferde wurden mit den
anderen Pferden, die leichten Operationen unterzogen wurden, verglichen.
Bereits nach dem unterschiedlich langen Transport zeigten die Pferde signifikante Anstiege
von Gesamtleukozytenzahl, dem Verhältnis neutrophiler Granulozyten zu Lymphozyten
(N:L-Verhältnis), Glukose und den klinischen Parametern (Herzfrequenz, Atemfrequenz,
Körpertemperatur). Die IgA-Konzentration im Kot sank bei den eingelieferten Pferden nach
Einlieferung erst ab, um sich dann vermutlich durch den Kontakt mit den fremden Antigenen
in der Klinik reflektorisch zu erhöhen. Auffällig war, dass die Kortisolkonzentration nach
dem Transport bei den als „nervös, sensibel“ eingestuften Pferden signifikant höher lag als bei
den „ruhigen, ausgeglichenen“ Pferden.
Weitere deutliche Veränderungen zeigten sich nach den Operationen. Glukose, Kortisol und
das N:L-Verhältnis wiesen nach den unterschiedlich langen Eingriffen höhere Konzentrationen
auf. Die Laktatkonzentration stieg signifikant bereits nach der Operation und
anschließend noch weiter nach der Aufstehphase. Dies ist primär auf die Muskelbelastung
zurückzuführen, da Laktat vor allem muskulären Ursprungs ist. Hämatokrit und Gesamteiweiß
sanken nach der Narkose aufgrund der intraoperativ verabreichten Infusionen ab.
Einem starken hoch signifikanten Konzentrationsabfall unterlag auch der IgA-Gehalt im Kot.
Dabei war kein Unterschied zwischen den verschiedenen Operationstraumata festzustellen.
Ansonsten unterlagen die Pferde, die mit hochgradig gestörtem Allgemeinbefinden zu einer
Notoperation eingeliefert wurden, viel deutlicheren Veränderungen als die anderen Pferde.
Die Freien Radikale zeigten überhaupt keinen charakteristischen Verlauf. Sie schienen
allerdings bei den chronisch erkrankten Pferden erhöht zu sein. Des Weiteren zeigten sie
Erhöhungen bei bestimmten Erkrankungen („Equine Motor Neuron Disease“, Hufrehe).
Bei den Pferden, die Zylexis® verabreicht bekamen, konnte eine Tendenz zur Verbesserung
des Immunstatus nachgewiesen werden. Es fiel ein deutlich höherer Gesamteiweißgehalt auf,
der wahrscheinlich auf eine vermehrte Produktion von Immunglobulinen zurückzuführen ist.
Außerdem war die Kortisolkonzentration nach der Operation signifikant niedriger. Der IgAGehalt
zeigte einen weniger deutlichen Konzentrationsabfall, was aber statistisch nicht belegt
werden konnte.
Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das N:L-Verhältnis und Glukose geeignete Parameter
darstellen um zuverlässig den Stress, dem ein Pferd ausgesetzt ist, zu evaluieren. Kortisol ist
vorsichtig zu interpretieren, da es großen individuellen Schwankungen ausgesetzt ist.
Die Bestimmung von IgA im Kot gibt Aufschluss über den lokalen Immunstatus des
Intestinaltrakts. Da es bei allen Pferden postoperativ zu signifikanten Konzentrationsabfällen
kam, sind Pferde nach jeder Operation offensichtlich prädisponiert, eine Darmerkrankung,
wie beispielsweise Colitis X, zu entwickeln. Kortisol scheint auch Einfluss auf das lokale
Immunsystem zu nehmen, da hohe Kortisolwerte mit einem niedrigen IgA-Gehalt im Kot
korrelierten.
Um die Zusammenhänge der Blutparameter und der Colitis X näher zu erforschen und
insbesondere um die „kritischen“ IgA-Konzentrationen zu ermitteln, wären noch weiterführende
Untersuchungen aufschlußreich.
[Many horses in clinics display symptoms of stress-associated diseases. One of the most feared
is the so-called Colitis X, an often fatal ending diarrhea. As death occurs quite often in the
course of those diseases, their avoidance has first priority.
The aim of the following study was to find out whether signs of stress which are displayed by
the horses correlate with measurable blood parameters. Furthermore we tried to find a
parameter which was suitable to evaluate stress in hospitalized horses.
Apart from the commonly measured parameters (hematocrit, total protein, leucocytes,
glucose, lactate, corticosterone) we tried to include free oxygen radicals in this study.
Immunoglobulin A in faeces was investigated to find out how stress interfered with the local
immune system. A Paramunityinducer often used in Germany (Zylexis®) was administered to
10 selected horses to research its effect on the different parameters.
110 patients hospitalized in the horse clinic were examined. First the horses were organized
into two groups. One group underwent surgery and the other one received stationary
treatment. Furthermore a control group was taken into account which had not been
transported or subjected to stress in six weeks prior to the study.
The horses were drawn blood and collected faeces in defined intervals to register the
influence of transport, operation and clinic stress. Blood samples were taken directly after the
transport, prior to the operation, right after surgery and one day and four days after the
operation. Horses which did not undergo surgery including the control group were drawn
blood and faeces three times (day 1, 3, and the day prior to discharge from the clinic).
For the paramunity investigation patients for vitrectomy were chosen as they display a good
example for short little traumatic operations. Those were compared with other horses brought
into the clinic for short operations.
After the transport to the clinic horses showed significant increases in leukocyte
concentration, N:L-ratio, glucose and the clinical parameters (heart rate, breathing rate, body
temperature). The immunoglobulin concentration decreased after the transport to rapidly rise
after contact with antigens from the clinic environment.
Horses categorized as “nervous, sensitive” displayed significantly higher corticosterone
concentrations after the transport than horses categorized as “cool, calm”. Other distinct
variations showed after the operations. The lactate concentrations increased significantly after
anaesthesia and went up even further after the horse got up afterwards. This is due to
muscular fatigue as lactate is mainly produced in the muscles. Glucose, corticosterone and the
N:L-ratio also displayed higher concentrations after the operation.
Hematocrit and total protein concentrations decreased after anaesthesia ascribed to infusions
during operation. After anaesthesia a highly significant reduction of immunoglobulin
concentrations in the faeces was determined. No influence of the different operation traumas
could be recognized.
That was surprising as in all other cases horses in very bad general condition displayed
distinct changes.
The free oxygen radicals did not show any characteristic pattern. There appeared to be a
higher concentration in horses with chronic illnesses. Furthermore some diseases, like Equine
Motor Neuron Disease and laminitis, seemed to have an increasing impact on the oxygen
radicals.
Zylexis® showed a tendency to improve the immune status of the horses in this study. The
paramunized horses had more total serum protein than the others. This could be due to an
increased production of Immunoglobulins. Additionally the corticosterone concentration after
the operation stayed on a significantly lower level. The local immunoglobulin A
concentrations did not appear to decrease as much as in the non-paramunized horses but it
was not possible to statistically prove this statement.
The results of this study show that the N:L-ratio and glucose might be suitable parameters to
reliably evaluate the stress that has an effect on the hospitalized horse. Corticosterone values
have to be interpreted carefully as they are very prone to individual variations.
Measuring immunoglobulins in faeces provides information about the local intestinal immune
status. Since all horses showed significant lower immunoglobulin concentrations after the
anesthesia/operation they obviously lack immune protection and are therefore predisposed for
developing enteritis, as Colitis X. In this study corticosterone seemed to influence the local
immune system as high concentrations of corticosterone correlated with low immunoglobulin
levels.
To understand the circumstances more thoroughly and to find out which factors have to be
present additionally in order for the horses to fall ill with Colitis X, further investigations have
to be made.] |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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LMU München |
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München |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5902 |
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