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| Author | Gentner, T.Q.; Fenn, K.M.; Margoliash, D.; Nusbaum, H.C. | ||||
| Title | Recursive syntactic pattern learning by songbirds | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 440 | Issue | 7088 | Pages | 1204-1207 |
| Keywords | Acoustic Stimulation; *Animal Communication; Animals; Auditory Perception/*physiology; Humans; *Language; Learning/*physiology; Linguistics; Models, Neurological; Semantics; Starlings/*physiology; Stochastic Processes | ||||
| Abstract | Humans regularly produce new utterances that are understood by other members of the same language community. Linguistic theories account for this ability through the use of syntactic rules (or generative grammars) that describe the acceptable structure of utterances. The recursive, hierarchical embedding of language units (for example, words or phrases within shorter sentences) that is part of the ability to construct new utterances minimally requires a 'context-free' grammar that is more complex than the 'finite-state' grammars thought sufficient to specify the structure of all non-human communication signals. Recent hypotheses make the central claim that the capacity for syntactic recursion forms the computational core of a uniquely human language faculty. Here we show that European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) accurately recognize acoustic patterns defined by a recursive, self-embedding, context-free grammar. They are also able to classify new patterns defined by the grammar and reliably exclude agrammatical patterns. Thus, the capacity to classify sequences from recursive, centre-embedded grammars is not uniquely human. This finding opens a new range of complex syntactic processing mechanisms to physiological investigation. | ||||
| Address | Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. tgentner@ucsd.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16641998 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 353 | ||
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| Author | Arnold, K.; Zuberbuhler, K. | ||||
| Title | Language evolution: semantic combinations in primate calls | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Nature | Abbreviated Journal | Nature |
| Volume | 441 | Issue | 7091 | Pages | 303 |
| Keywords | Animal Migration; Animals; Eagles/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Haplorhini/*physiology; Male; Predatory Behavior; *Semantics; *Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Syntax sets human language apart from other natural communication systems, although its evolutionary origins are obscure. Here we show that free-ranging putty-nosed monkeys combine two vocalizations into different call sequences that are linked to specific external events, such as the presence of a predator and the imminent movement of the group. Our findings indicate that non-human primates can combine calls into higher-order sequences that have a particular meaning. | ||||
| Address | School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1476-4687 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16710411 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 354 | ||
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| Author | Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Miller, N.Y.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | What-where-when memory in pigeons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume | 32 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 345-358 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Memory/*physiology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Space Perception/*physiology; Spatial Behavior/physiology; Teaching; Visual Perception/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | The authors report a novel approach to testing episodic-like memory for single events. Pigeons were trained in separate sessions to match the identity of a sample on a touch screen, to match its location, and to report on the length of the retention interval. When these 3 tasks were mixed randomly within sessions, birds were more than 80% correct on each task. However, performance on 2 different tests in succession after each sample was not consistent with an integrated memory for sample location, time, and identity. Experiment 2 tested binding of location and identity memories in 2 different ways. The results were again consistent with independent feature memories. Implications for tests of episodic-like memory are discussed. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17044738 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 357 | ||
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| Author | Ratcliffe, J.M.; Fenton, M.B.; Shettleworth, S.J. | ||||
| Title | Behavioral flexibility positively correlated with relative brain volume in predatory bats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Brain, behavior and evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume | 67 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 165-176 |
| Keywords | Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Brain/*anatomy & histology/physiology; Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology/*physiology; Organ Size; Predatory Behavior/*physiology | ||||
| Abstract | We investigated the potential relationships between foraging strategies and relative brain and brain region volumes in predatory (animal-eating) echolocating bats. The species we considered represent the ancestral state for the order and approximately 70% of living bat species. The two dominant foraging strategies used by echolocating predatory bats are substrate-gleaning (taking prey from surfaces) and aerial hawking (taking airborne prey). We used species-specific behavioral, morphological, and ecological data to classify each of 59 predatory species as one of the following: (1) ground gleaning, (2) behaviorally flexible (i.e., known to both glean and hawk prey), (3) clutter tolerant aerial hawking, or (4) open-space aerial hawking. In analyses using both species level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts, relative brain size was larger in behaviorally flexible species. Further, relative neocortex volume was significantly reduced in bats that aerially hawk prey primarily in open spaces. Conversely, our foraging behavior index did not account for variability in hippocampus and inferior colliculus volume and we discuss these results in the context of past research. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. jmr247@cornell.edu | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16415571 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 358 | ||
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| Author | Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. | ||||
| Title | Self-recognition in an Asian elephant | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
| Volume | 103 | Issue | 45 | Pages | 17053-17057 |
| Keywords | Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation | ||||
| Abstract | Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. | ||||
| Address | Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0027-8424 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17075063 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 408 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Das Niederlegen, Wälzen und Aufspringen des Pferdes | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | Pages | 347-349 | |
| Keywords | Wohlbefinden, Balancierstab Kopf und Hals | ||||
| Abstract | Zusammenfassung Anhand einer Fotofolge werden die Bewegungsabläufe beim Niederlegen, beim Wälzen und beim Wieder-Aufspringen des Pferdes und der dafür erforderliche Einsatz des Balancierstabs Pferde-Kopf und -Hals erläutert. Gründe fürs Niederlegen und Wälzen und Nutzanwendungen der Kenntnis damit verbundener Bewegungsabläufe werden gestreift. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 423 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Wie sich der pferdgerechte “selbsttätige Schenkel” besser vermitteln ließe; | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 403-406 | |
| Keywords | Kultiviertes Reiten – Mensch-Pferd-Harmonie – feinfühlige, unsichtbare Hilfengebung – Schonen des Rückens von Reiter und Pferd | ||||
| Abstract | Von der Basis bis zum Spitzensport werden Pferde gewaltsam zum “Gehorsam” gebracht oder zur Ausführung von Übungen gezwungen. Aktionen gegen die “Rollkur” oder “Hyperflexion” füllen die Medien. Aber die Wurzel des Übels liegt viel tiefer. Die Grundlage kultivierten Reitens in hoher Harmonie zwischen Mensch und Pferd ist eine feinfühlige, nahezu unsichtbare Hilfengebung, für die Bewegungen des Pferderückens und des Pferderumpfes den Zeitgeber liefern. Das Wissen darum in der Reiterwelt zu verankern, ist noch immer nicht gelungen. | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 424 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | The Rider's Impacts and Their Timers – Example: Rider's Aids for Transitions Between Different Gaits. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 515-532 | |
| Keywords | Animal-friendly rider-horse communication – signals for changing the footfall – knee-jerk impacts in the single “fitting” moment – singular timer for those – immediate “obedience” | ||||
| Abstract | The scientific investigation of the basics of the inherited riding teachings assists in conserving its values. Riding instructors should be able to teach not only “how” but also “why”. The classic European riding teachings that have developed across the centuries are based on perceptions that have their roots in natural phenomena. They are being mirrored, for instance, in the aids to stimulate the change from one gait to the next. The movements of the horse's trunk and back provide timers for horse-friendly, sensitive aids that create attentive, diligent and happily cooperating horses. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 434 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | Einwirkungen des Reiters nach Zeitgeber ? Beispiel: Hilfen für Übergänge von einer Gangart in eine andere; | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | Pages | 515-532 | |
| Keywords | Tiergerechte Reiter:Pferd-Kommunikation – Signale für das Ändern der Fußfolge – Einwirkungen im allein “passenden” Moment – alleiniger Timer dafür – “Sekundengehorsam” | ||||
| Abstract | Zusammenfassung Wissenschaftliches Erfassen von Grundlagen der ererbten Reitlehre hilft, deren Werte zu bewahren. Und Reiten Lehrende dürfen nicht nur das “Wie”, sie sollten auch das “Weshalb” vermitteln können. Die Grundlagen der in Jahrhunderten entstandenen klassischen europäischen Reitlehre beruhen auf der Natur abgelauschten Erkenntnissen. Sie spiegeln sich u. a. in den Hilfen für Übergänge aus einer Gangart in eine andere. Die Bewegungen von Pferderumpf und -rücken liefern den Zeitgeber für jene pferdgerechte, feinfühlige Hilfengebung, die aufmerksam, fleißig und freudig mitarbeitende Pferde schafft. |
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 425 | ||
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| Author | Huebener, E. | ||||
| Title | How the Horse-Appropriate “Self-Acting” Leg Aid Could Be Better Communicated. | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Tierärztliche Umschau | Abbreviated Journal | Tierärztl. Umschau |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 403 | |
| Keywords | cultured riding – horse-rider-harmony – sensitive-invisible aids – saving the backs of both horse and rider | ||||
| Abstract | From the base to the top of the sport horses are being coerced into “obedience” or the performance of exercises by force. Campaigns against the “Rollkur” or “Hyperflexion” fill the media. However the root of evil lies a lot deeper. The base of cultured riding in high harmony between horse and rider are sensitive, almost invisible aids which are being timed by the movements of the horse's back and trunk. Anchoring the knowledge of this interrelation in rider's minds has to this day been unsuccessful. | ||||
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| Language | German | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Notes | Approved | yes | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 432 | ||
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