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| Author | Passani M. B.; Blandina P. | ||||
| Title | The Neuronal Histaminergic System in Cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Current Medicinal Chemistry – Central Nervous System Agents | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 4 | Issue | Pages | 17-26 | |
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3520 | ||
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| Author | Hunt, G.R.; Gray, R.D. | ||||
| Title | The crafting of hook tools by wild New Caledonian crows | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
| Volume | 271 | Issue | Pages | S88-S90 | |
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| Abstract | The 'crafting' of tools involves (i) selection of appropriate raw material, (ii) preparatory trimming and (iii) fine, three-dimensional sculpting. Its evolution is technologically important because it allows the open-ended development of tools. New Caledonian crows manufacture an impressive range of stick and leaf tools. We previously reported that their toolkit included hooked implements made from leafy twigs, although their manufacture had never been closely observed. We describe the manufacture of 10 hooked-twig tools by an adult crow and its dependent juvenile. To make all 10 tools, the crows carried out a relatively invariant three-step sequence of complex manipulations that involved (i) the selection of raw material, (ii) trimming and (iii) a lengthy sculpting of the hook. Hooked-twig manufacture contrasts with the lack of sculpting in the making of wooden tools by other non-humans such as chimpanzees and woodpecker finches. This fine, three-stage crafting process removes another alleged difference between humans and other animals. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3526 | ||
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| Author | Koenen, E.P.C.; Aldridge, L.I.; Philipsson, J. | ||||
| Title | An overview of breeding objectives for warmblood sport horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Livestock Production Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 77-84 |
| Keywords | Breeding objective; Sport horse; Sport performance; Conformation; Specialisation | ||||
| Abstract | The aim of this paper is to review the current breeding objectives of organisations that run a selection programme for warmblood riding horses in the light of an increasing trend in trade of semen across countries. In a questionnaire, 19 horse breeding organisations provided information on breeding objective traits. Variation both in length and amount of details used to define individual breeding objectives was large, reflecting that many traits in sport horse breeding are not easy to measure, and therefore, have to be defined in a subjective way. The majority of the breeding objectives included conformation, gaits and performance in show jumping and dressage. Some breeding objectives also included behaviour, soundness, health and fertility. However, several organisations did not specify the sport discipline and the level of competition (amateur, national or international level) in the breeding objective. In general, relative weightings of the traits within the verbally presented breeding objectives were not given, but were assessed by the organisations in response to this study. The relevance of more information on expected future production circumstances and on the genetic parameters of the traits of interest are discussed. A further review of the consistency, completeness and the number of traits of the present breeding objectives for sport horses is recommended to optimise the efficiency of selection decisions. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3954 | ||
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| Author | Murray, J.K.; Singer, E.R.; Morgan, K.L.; Proudman, C.J.; French, N.P. | ||||
| Title | Memory decay and performance-related information bias in the reporting of scores by event riders | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Preventive Veterinary Medicine | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 63 | Issue | 3-4 | Pages | 173-182 |
| Keywords | Reporting bias; Memory decay; Risk factors; Horse; Cross-country | ||||
| Abstract | We used data from a case-control study investigating risk factors for horse falls in the cross-country phase of eventing in Great Britain (GB) to examine evidence for memory decay and information bias. Responses to two questions obtained by telephone for 173 cases and 521 controls were examined for evidence of differential reporting according to the respondent's case-control status and performance in the dressage and cross-country phases of competitions. Information bias was found in the accuracy of reporting dressage penalty scores when analysed as a function of performance level (good/poor). Poor dressage performers were less likely to report accurate dressage scores than good performers. The accuracy of reporting dressage scores decreased as the time between the event and questionnaire completion increased, with no case-control interaction. Competitors who incurred cross-country jumping penalties at the event preceding the selected event reported their cross-country scores with less accuracy when compared with competitors who incurred no penalties. No information bias was found when the reporting of dressage and cross-country scores were analysed as a function of respondent category (case/control). | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 3955 | ||
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| Author | McGreevy, P.D. | ||||
| Title | Type | Book Whole | |||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Equine Behavior: A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine Scientists | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 25; Export Date: 21 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4530 | ||
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| Author | McLean, A.N. | ||||
| Title | The mental processes of the horse and their consequences for training | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Welfare Science Centre | Abbreviated Journal | |
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| Notes | Cited By (since 1996): 1; Export Date: 24 October 2008 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4619 | ||
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| Author | Kleiven, J.; Bjerke, T.; Kaltenborn, B.P. | ||||
| Title | Factors influencing the social acceptability of large carnivore behaviours | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Biodivers Conserv | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 13 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Kleiven2004 | Serial | 6447 | ||
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| Author | Apollonio, M.; Mattioli, L.; Scandura, M.; Mauri, L.; Gazzola, A.; Avanzinelli, E. | ||||
| Title | Wolves in the Casentinesi Forests: insights for wolf conservation in Italy from a protected area with a rich wild prey community | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Biol Conserv | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 120 | Issue | Pages | ||
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| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ Apollonio2004 | Serial | 6475 | ||
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| Author | Rietmann, T.R.; Stuart, A.E.A.; Bernasconi, P.; Stauffacher, M.; Auer, J.A.; Weishaupt, M.A. | ||||
| Title | Assessment of mental stress in warmblood horses: heart rate variability in comparison to heart rate and selected behavioural parameters | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 88 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 121-136 |
| Keywords | Horse; Hrv; Heart rate; Mental stress; Behaviour; Autonomic nervous system | ||||
| Abstract | The aim of the study was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV) could assess alterations of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) at different levels of excitement. The behavioural and physiological responses of 20 warmblood horses to a challenging ground exercise task were studied. Prior to the experiment, the horses were evaluated at rest and during forward walking (FW). The horses were then forced to move backwards continuously during 3 min according to a standardised protocol (BW1). Subsequently, the horses were exposed to two training sessions, after which the backward walking (BW2) was re-evaluated. Heart rate (HR) and HRV-parameters such as the standard deviation of the beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR), the low (LF; sympathetic tone) and high frequency (HF) component of HRV (HF; parasympathetic tone) and their ratio (LF/HF; index representing the sympatho-vagal balance) were sampled at rest, and during FW, BW1 and BW2. Stress-related behaviour during BW1 and BW2 was determined from video recordings. The results of the different evaluations were compared to each other. Compared to rest and FW, the first backward experiment induced a significant rise in HR, LF and LF/HF and a significant decrease of HF. SDRR decreased from both FW and rest with only the latter reaching significance. In BW2 after the training sessions, HR and the parameters of the sympathetic branch of the ANS (LF, LF/HF) were decreased and the vagal tone (HF) increased compared to BW1; all changes were significant. The duration of stress indicating behavioural patterns revealed also a significant decrease of excitement after the training, when backward walking did not differ from forward walking in any parameter. Correlations between HRV-parameters and stress indicating behaviour as well as HR were found. We conclude that the HRV-parameters LF and HF are valuable measures to quantify sympatho-vagal balance, which allows a more precise assessment of the responses of HR and SDRR to mental stress during low intensity exercise. | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 314 | ||
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| Author | Gardner, A., West, S. A. | ||||
| Title | Cooperation and Punishment, Especially in Humans | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | The American Naturalist | Abbreviated Journal | Americ. Natur. |
| Volume | 164 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 753-764 |
| Keywords | kin selection, neighbor-modulated fitness, repression of | ||||
| Abstract | Explaining altruistic cooperation is one of the greatest challenges faced by sociologists, economists, and evolutionary biologists. The problem is determining why an individual would carry out a costly behavior that benefits another. Possible solutions to this problem include kinship, repeated interactions, and policing. Another solution that has recently received much attention is the threat of punishment. However, punishing behavior is often costly for the punisher, and so it is not immediately clear how costly punishment could evolve. We use a direct (neighbor-modulated) fitness approach to analyze when punishment is favored. This methodology reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, relatedness between interacting individuals is not crucial to explaining cooperation through punishment. In fact, increasing relatedness directly disfavors punishing behavior. Instead, the crucial factor is a positive correlation between the punishment strategy of an individual and the cooperation it receives. This could arise in several ways, such as when facultative adjustment of behavior leads individuals to cooperate more when interacting with individuals who are more likely to punish. More generally, our results provide a clear example of how the fundamental factor driving the evolution of social traits is a correlation between social partners and how this can arise for reasons other than genealogical kinship. |
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| Address | University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, | ||||
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| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 341 | ||
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