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	Author	Linklater, W.L.; Cameron, E.Z.; Stafford, K.J.; Veltman, C.J.
	Title	*Social and spatial structure and range use by Kaimanawa wild horses (Equus caballus: Equidae)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	New Zealand Journal of Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	New Zealand J. Ecol.
	Volume	24	Issue	2	Pages	139-152
	Keywords	Bachelor male; Band; Density; Habitat use; Home range; Management proposals; Micro-climate; Vegetation monitoring; habitat use; home range; mammal; social structure; spatial distribution; New Zealand; Equus caballus
	Abstract	We measured horse density, social structure, habitat use, home ranges and altitudinal micro-climates in the south-western Kaimanawa ranges east of Waiouru, New Zealand. Horse density in the Auahitotara ecological sector averaged 3.6 horses.km-2 and ranged from 0.9 to 5.2 horses.km-2 within different zones. The population's social structure was like that of other feral horse populations with an even adult sex ratio, year round breeding groups (bands) with stable adult membership consisting of 1 to 11 mares, 1 to 4 stallions, and their predispersal offspring, and bachelor groups with unstable membership. Bands and bachelor males were loyal to undefended home ranges with central core use areas. Band home range sizes varied positively with adult band size. Home ranges overlapped entirely with other home ranges. Horses were more likely to occupy north facing aspects, short tussock vegetation and flush zones and avoid high altitudes, southern aspects, steeper slopes, bare ground and forest remnants. Horses were more likely to be on north facing aspects, steeper slopes, in exotic and red tussock grasslands and flush zones during winter and at lower altitudes and on gentler slopes in spring and summer. Seasonal shifts by bands to river basin and stream valley floors in spring and higher altitudes in autumn and winter are attributed to the beginning of foaling and mating in spring and formation of frost inversion layers in winter. Given horse habitat selectivity and the presence of other ungulate herbivores, results from present exclosures are likely to exaggerate the size of horse impacts on range vegetation. Proposals to manage the population by relocation and confinement are likely to modify current social structure and range use behaviour and may lead to the need for more intensive management in the longer term.
	Address	Ecology Group, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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	ISSN	01106465 (Issn)	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 12; Export Date: 21 April 2007; Source: Scopus; Language of Original Document: English; Correspondence Address: Linklater, W.L.; Ecology Group; Institute of Natural Resources; Massey University; Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand; email: wlinklater@hotmail.com			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	793
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	Author	Sprigge, T.L.S.
	Title	Darwinian Dominion: Animal Welfare and Human Interests: Lewis Petrinovich, Cambridge, Mass, London, England, MIT Press, 1999, ix + 431 pages, {pound}31.50 (hc)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	J. Med. Ethics	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	26	Issue	5	Pages	412-
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	Notes	10.1136/jme.26.5.412			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2958
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	Author	Lanier, J.L.; Grandin, T.; Green, R.D.; Avery, D.; McGee, K.
	Title	The relationship between reaction to sudden, intermittent movements and sounds and temperament			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	78	Issue	6	Pages	1467-1474
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	Abstract	N1 -
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2945
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	Author	Olesen, I.; Groen, A.F.; Gjerde, B.
	Title	Definition of animal breeding goals for sustainable production systems			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	78	Issue	3	Pages	570-582
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	Abstract	N1 -
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2934
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	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Social Awareness in Monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Amer. Zool.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	6	Pages	902-909
	Keywords
	Abstract	Tests of self-awareness in nonhuman primates have to date been concerned almost entirely with the recognition of an animal's reflection in a mirror. By contrast, we know much less about non-human primates' perception of their place within a social network, or of their understanding of themselves as individuals with unique sets of social relationships. Here we review evidence that monkeys who fail the mirror test may nonetheless behave as if they recognize themselves as distinct individuals, each of whom occupies a unique place in society and has a specific set of relations with others. A free-ranging vervet monkey, baboon, or macaque recognizes other members of his group as individuals. He also recognizes matrilineal kin groups, linear dominance rank orders, and behaves as if he recognizes his own unique place within them. This sense of “social self” in monkeys, however, is markedly different from self-awareness in humans. Although monkeys may behave in ways that accurately place themselves within a social network, they are unaware of the knowledge that allows them to do so: they do not know what they know, cannot reflect on what they know, and cannot become the object of their own attention.
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	Notes	10.1093/icb/40.6.902			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4934
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	Author	Bickerton, D.
	Title	Resolving Discontinuity: A Minimalist Distinction between Human and Non-human Minds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Integr. Comp. Biol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	40	Issue	6	Pages	862-873
	Keywords
	Abstract	Our genotype is so similar to those of the African apes, and our last common ancestor with them so recent, that it seems impossible that human and non-human cognition should differ qualitatively. But the outputs of human cognition are unique in their limitless creativity and adaptability. Exaption resolves the apparent paradox. Assume that the power to create symbols emerges from stimulus-stimulus linkages and is latent in many animals, and that the structural side of language emerges from the argument structures inherent in the social calculus associated with reciprocal altruism. These adaptations confer the potential for language. However, creating complex messages requires uniquely long-lasting coherence of neural signals, which depends in turn on the large quantities of neurons unique to Homo. The only difference between human and non-human minds is that we can sustain longer and more complex trains of thought. All else (emotions, rational processes, even consciousness) could be exactly the same.
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	Notes	10.1093/icb/40.6.862			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2966
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	Author	Sapolsky, R.M.; Romero, L.M.; Munck, A.U.
	Title	How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Endocr Rev	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	21	Issue	1	Pages	55-89
	Keywords
	Abstract	The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole.
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	Notes	10.1210/er.21.1.55			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4070
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	Author	Foster, K.R.; Ratnieks, F.L.W.
	Title	Social insects: Facultative worker policing in a wasp			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	407	Issue	6805	Pages	692-693
	Keywords
	Abstract	Kin-selection theory predicts that in social-insect colonies where the queen has mated multiple times, the workers will enforce cooperation by policing each other's reproduction1, 2, 3, 4. We have discovered a species, the wasp Dolichovespula saxonica, in which some queens mate once and others mate many times, and in which workers frequently attempt reproduction, allowing this prediction to be tested directly. We find that multiple mating by the queen leads to mutual policing by workers, whereas single mating does not.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Macmillan Magazines Ltd.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	10.1038/35037665			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4940
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	Author	Merl, S.; Scherzer, S.; Palme, R.; Möstl, E.
	Title	Pain causes increased concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse feces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal	J Equine Vet Sci
	Volume	20	Issue	9	Pages	586-590
	Keywords
	Abstract	The concentration of 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), a group of cortisol metabolites, was measured using enzyme immunoassay in fecal samples of horses experiencing painful episodes. One group of horses consisted of 10 stallions castrated (samples were collected daily for 10 days); the other group was made up of 29 horses which were brought to an animal hospital because of signs of colic (samples were collected twice daily for six days). Before castration, median concentrations of 10.5 nmol/kg feces were measured. On days 1 and 2 after castration, median 11,17-DOA values increased up to 26.2 and 50.0 nmol/kg feces, respectively, and decreased thereafter to levels lower than at the beginning of the sampling period. High variations were measured between individual cases of colic. In animals with colic, all horses excreted more than 33 nmol 11,17-DOA/kg feces for various periods. The highest concentration measured was 885 nmol/kg feces. One animal out of the 29 colic horses did not show any clinical signs of pain upon arrival in the hospital. The 11,17-DOA values were below 17 nmol/kg feces in all those samples. From this data we conclude, that the concentration of 11,17-DOA in feces is a parameter for painful situations that have occurred one or two days earlier.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0737-0806	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6047
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	Author	Goodloe, R.B
	Title	Population characteristics of feral horses on Cumberland Island, Georgia and their management implications			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of Wildlife Management	Abbreviated Journal	J Wildl Manag
	Volume	64	Issue	1	Pages	114-121
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	937-2817	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2296
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