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| Author | Wolff, A.; Hausberger, M.; Le Scolan, N. | ||||
| Title | Experimental tests to assess emotionality in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioural Processes | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Process. |
| Volume | 40 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 209-221 |
| Keywords | Emotivity; Gregariousness; Horse; Neophobia; Open-field | ||||
| Abstract | Different tests were used to assess different aspects of the emotionality of 1-3 year-old horses: arena test; a [`]novel object' test; and a handling test. In reaction to the test situations no important differences were observed according to age or sex in the behaviour patterns, but clear individual differences were observed within these classes. The arena test seemed to reveal the degree of gregariousness of the animals whereas the results in the two other tests were correlated and seemed to reflect an inherent degree of fearfulness in the horse. Indices were developed that enabled to rank the animals, by taking into account all behaviour patterns shown. Such individual characteristics might have some genetic basis: half-siblings tended to behave the same way in most cases. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0376-6357 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5018 | ||
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| Author | Slabbert, J.M.; Rasa, O.A.E. | ||||
| Title | Observational learning of an acquired maternal behaviour pattern by working dog pups: an alternative training method? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 53 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 309-316 |
| Keywords | Dog; Learning; Parental behaviour; Narcotics | ||||
| Abstract | German shepherd pups from untrained bitches and bitches trained in the location of narcotics were either separated from their mothers at 6 weeks (standard raised) or at 3 months of age (extended maternal care). Pups with extended maternal care which were allowed to observe their trained mothers locating and retrieving a sachet of odour-producing narcotic between the ages of 6 and 12 weeks performed the same task significantly better than non-exposed pups when tested at the age of 6 months, without further reinforcement during the interim period. This difference in performance was independent of the duration of maternal care or maternal origin of the pups and was attributed to differences in early experience acquired through observational learning. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5225 | ||
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| Author | Sterck, E.; Watts, D.; van Schaik, C. | ||||
| Title | The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 5 | Pages | 291-309 |
| Keywords | ecology; matrilocal; primate; social; theory | ||||
| Abstract | Considerable interspeci®c variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current ``ecological model'', predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social elationships among gregarious females are here characterized as DispersalEgalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained i€erences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relation ships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally a€ect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in di€erent ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the e€ects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a ``socioecological model'' based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5227 | ||
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| Author | Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. (eds) | ||||
| Title | Machiavellian Intelligence II – Extensions and Evaluations | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Cambridge | Editor | Whiten A.; Byrne, R. W. |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5233 | ||
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| Author | Huber, R.; van Staaden, M.J.; Kaufman, L.S.; Liem, K.F. | ||||
| Title | Microhabitat Use, Trophic Patterns, and the Evolution of Brain Structure in African Cichlids | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Brain, Behavior and Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume | 50 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 167-182 |
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| Abstract | The species assemblages of cichlids in the three largest African Great Lakes are among the richest concentrations of vertebrate species on earth. The faunas are broadly similar in terms of trophic diversity, species richness, rates of endemism, and taxonomic composition, yet they are historically independent of each other. Hence, they offer a true and unique evolutionary experiment to test hypotheses concerning the mutual dependencies of ecology and brain morphology. We examined the brains of 189 species of cichlids from the three large lakes: Victoria, Tanganyika, and Malawi. A first paper demonstrated that patterns of evolutionary change in cichlid brain morphology are similar across taxonomic boundaries as well as across the three lakes [van Staaden et al., 1995 ZACS 98: 165–178]. Here we report a close relationship between the relative sizes of various brain structures and variables related to the utilization of habitat and prey. Causality is difficult to assign in this context, nonetheless, prey size and agility, turbidity levels, depth, and substrate complexity are all highly predictive of variation in brain structure. Areas associated with primary sensory functions such as vision and taste relate significantly to differences in feeding habits. Turbidity and depth are closely associated with differences in eye size, and large eyes are associated with species that pick plankton from the water column. Piscivorous taxa and others that utilize motile prey are characterized by a well developed optic tectum and a large cerebellum compared to species that prey on molluscs or plants. Structures relating to taste are well developed in species feeding on benthos over muddy or sandy substrates. The data militated against the existence of compensatory changes in brain structure. Thus enhanced development of a particular function is generally not accompanied by a parallel reduction of structures related to other modalities. Although genetic and environmental influences during ontogeny of the brain cannot be isolated, this study provides a rich source of hypotheses concerning the way the nervous system functions under various environmental conditions and how it has responded to natural selection. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0006-8977 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5454 | ||
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| Author | Russell, C.L.; Bard, K.A.; Adamson, L.B. | ||||
| Title | Social referencing by young chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Journal of Comparative Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J. Comp. Psychol. |
| Volume | 111 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 185-191 |
| Keywords | happy & fear messages concerning novel objects from familiar human caregiver, social referencing, 14–41 mo old chimpanzees | ||||
| Abstract | Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual and the use of that information to evaluate a situation. It is a well-documented ability in human infants but has not been studied experimentally in nonhuman primates. Seventeen young nursery-reared chimpanzees (14 to 41 months old) were observed in a standard social referencing paradigm in which they received happy and fear messages concerning novel objects from a familiar human caregiver. Each chimpanzee looked referentially at their caregiver, and the emotional messages that they received differentially influenced their gaze behavior and avoidance of the novel objects. It is concluded that chimpanzees can acquire information about their complex social and physical environments through social referencing and can use emotional information to alter their own behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) | ||||
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| Publisher | US: American Psychological Association | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1939-2087(Electronic);0735-7036(Print) | ISBN | Medium | ||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1997-06365-008 | Serial | 5603 | ||
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| Author | Schultz, W.; Dayan, P.; Montague, P.R. | ||||
| Title | A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Science | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume | 275 | Issue | 5306 | Pages | 1593-1599 |
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| Abstract | The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control. | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5749 | ||
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| Author | Palme, R.; Moestl, E. | ||||
| Title | Measurement of cortisol metabolites in faeces of sheep as a parameter of cortisol concentration in blood | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde | Abbreviated Journal | J. Mammal. Biol. |
| Volume | 62 | Issue | Pages | 192-197 | |
| Keywords | glucocorticoids, metabolites, animal biology, sheep, immunoenzyme techniques, | ||||
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6044 | ||
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| Author | Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G. | ||||
| Title | Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner | Type | Book Whole | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Publisher | Enke | Place of Publication | Stuttgart | Editor | |
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Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6542 | ||
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| Author | Dugatkin, L.A. | ||||
| Title | Winner and loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1997 | Publication | Behavioral Ecology | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | 6 | Pages | 583-587 |
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| Abstract | In the literature on dominance hierarchies, “winner” and “loser” effects usually are denned as an increased probability of winning at time T, bated on victories at time T-l, T-2, etc, and an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at T-1, T-2, etc., respectively. Despite some early theoretical work on winner and loser effects, these factors and how they affect the structure of dominance hierarchies have not been examined in detail. I developed a computer simulation to examine winner and loser effects when such effects are independent of one another (as well as when they interact) and when combatants assess each other's resource-holding power. When winner effects alone were important, a hierarchy in which all individuals held an unambiguous rank was found. When only loser effects were important, a dear alpha individual always emerged, but the rank of others in the group was often unclear because of the scarcity of aggressive interactions. Increasing winner effects for a given value of the loser effect increase the number of individuals with unambiguous positions in a hierarchy and the converse is true for increasing the value of the loser effect for a given winner effect Although winner and loser effects have been documented in a number of species, no study has documented both winner and loser effects (using some controlled, pairwise testing system) and the detailed nature of behavioral interactions when individuals are in groups. I hope the results of this model will spur such studies in the future. | ||||
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| Notes |
10.1093/beheco/8.6.583 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 759 | ||
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