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	Author	Pepperberg IM; Garcia SE; Jackson EC; Marconi S
	Title	Mirror use by African Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	J. Comp. Psychol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	109	Issue		Pages	182
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3023
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	Author	Ishida, N.; Oyunsuren, T.; Mashima, S.; Mukoyama, H.; Saitou, N.
	Title	Mitochondrial DNA sequences of various species of the genus Equus with special reference to the phylogenetic relationship between Przewalskii's wild horse and domestic horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Molecular Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	J Mol Evol
	Volume	41	Issue	2	Pages	180-188
	Keywords	Animals; Base Sequence; Chromosomes; Conserved Sequence/genetics; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics; Evolution; Genetic Variation/genetics; Horses/genetics; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; RNA, Transfer, Pro/genetics; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Analysis, DNA
	Abstract	The noncoding region between tRNAPro and the large conserved sequence block is the most variable region in the mammalian mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This variable region (ca. 270 bp) of four species of Equus, including Mongolian and Japanese native domestic horses as well as Przewalskii's (or Mongolian) wild horse, were sequenced. These data were compared with our recently published Thoroughbred horse mitochondrial DNA sequences. The evolutionary rate of this region among the four species of Equus was estimated to be 2-4 x 10(-8) per site per year. Phylogenetic trees of Equus species demonstrate that Przewalskii's wild horse is within the genetic variation among the domestic horse. This suggests that the chromosome number change (probably increase) of the Przewalskii's wild horse occurred rather recently.
	Address	Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Japan Racing Association, Tokyo
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2844	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7666447			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5042
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	Author	Figueredo, A.J.; Cox, R.L.; Rhine, R.J.
	Title	A Generalizability Analysis of Subjective Personality Assessments in the Stumptail Macaque and the Zebra Finch			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Multivariate Behavioral Research	Abbreviated Journal	Multivariate Behav Res
	Volume	30	Issue	2	Pages	167-197
	Keywords
	Abstract	Psychometric findings are reported from two studies concerning the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the latent common factors underlying subjective assessments by human raters of personality traits in two nonhuman animal species: (a) the Stumptail macaque (Maraca arctoides), a cercopithecine monkey; and (b) the Zebra finch (Poephila guttata), an estrildid songbird. Because most theories of animal personality have historically implied that certain personality constructs should be relatively universal across taxa, parallel analyses of similar data are reported for two phylogenetically distant species of subject using the same psychometric methods. Each of the samples was drawn from a socially-housed colony of the same species: that of macaques consisted of 5 mature adult fem ales and 8 of their adult offspring and that of finches consisted of 5 adult individuals. A modified version of the 1978 Stevenson-Hinde and Zunz (SHZ) list of personality items was applied to the macaques at various times during the eight years from 1980-1988 and to the finches during 1992. This study also used the three SHZ scales – Confident, Excitable, and Sociable – originally derived from principal components. Generalizability analyses were used to assess the construct validity, temporal stability, and interrater reliability of the hypothesized factors. Both Stumptail macaques and Zebra finches manifest measurable personality factors that are highly valid across multiple items, stable across multiple years, and reliable across multiple raters. The same model fits both species, as predicted by theory. The construct validity of the factors is slightly higher for the finches than for the macaques, although the interrater reliability is somewhat lower. This study illustrates how generalizability analysis can be used to test prespecified confirmatory factor models when the number of individual subjects is quite small.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Psychology Press	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0027-3171	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5169
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	Author	Boissy, A.
	Title	Fear and Fearfulness in Animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	The Quarterly Review of Biology	Abbreviated Journal	The Quarterly Review of Biology
	Volume	70	Issue	2	Pages	165-191
	Keywords
	Abstract	Persistence of individual differences in animal behavior in reactions to various environmental challenges could reflect basic divergences in temperament, which might be used to predict details of adaptive response. Although studies have been carried out on fear and anxiety in various species, including laboratory, domestic and wild animals, no consistent definition of fearfulness as a basic trait of temperament has emerged. After a classification of the events that may produce a state of fear, this article describes the great variability in behavior and in physiological patterns generally associated with emotional reactivity. The difficulties of proposing fearfulness-the general capacity to react to a variety of potentially threatening situations-as a valid basic internal variable are then discussed. Although there are many studies showing covariation among the psychobiological responses to different environmental challenges, other studies find no such correlations and raise doubts about the interpretation of fearfulness as a basic personality trait. After a critical assessment of methodologies used in fear and anxiety studies, it is suggested that discrepancies among results are mainly due to the modulation of emotional responses in animals, which depend on numerous genetic and epigenetic factors. It is difficult to compare results obtained by different methods from animals reared under various conditions and with different genetic origins. The concept of fearfulness as an inner trait is best supported by two kinds of investigations. First, an experimental approach combining ethology and experimental psychology produces undeniable indicators of emotional reactivity. Second, genetic lines selected for psychobiological traits prove useful in establishing between behavioral and neuroendocrine aspects of emotional reactivity. It is suggested that fearfulness could be considered a basic feature of the temperament of each individual, one that predisposes it to respond similarly to a variety of potentially alarming challenges, but is nevertheless continually modulated during development by the interaction of genetic traits of reactivity with environmental factors, particularly in the juvenile period. Such interaction may explain much of the interindividual variability observed in adaptive responses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	The University of Chicago Press	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0033-5770	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1086/418981			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6664
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	Author	Lefebvre, L.
	Title	Ecological correlates of social learning: problems and solutions for the comparative method			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	35	Issue	1-3	Pages	163-171
	Keywords	Adaptive specialization; Social learning; Comparative method
	Abstract	Interspecific variation in learning and cognition is often accounted for by adaptive specialization, an ecological framework where variation between species in the environmental problems they face is thought to select for quantitatively and/or qualitatively different abilities. Adaptive specialization theory relies on the comparative method for testing its hypotheses and assumes a naturally selected basis for the predicted differences. This review examines social learning as a specialization to group-living and scramble feeding competition. It points out one important problem with current studies in the area, the lack of quantitative controls for confounding variables that may cause type 1 or 2 error in comparative tests. A linear regression technique is proposed to measure and remove interspecific differences on control tests for which there is no predicted adaptive specialization; as in other areas of comparative biology, the adaptive prediction is then made on the residual deviation from the regression of these confounding variables. Examples are given from research on opportunistic Columbids, the group-living feral pigeon Columbia livia, and the territorial Zenaida dove, Zenaida aurita.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	843
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	Author	Dey, S.
	Title	Trailer accidents			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	15	Issue	4	Pages	148-149
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4662
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	Author	McDonnell, S.M.; Haviland, J.C.S.
	Title	Agonistic ethogram of the equid bachelor band			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	43	Issue	3	Pages	147-188
	Keywords	Equid; Horse; Bachelor; Agonistic; Social behavior; Ethogram
	Abstract	An ethogram of agonistic and related behaviors among equid bachelor band members was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. A bachelor band of domestic pony stallions pastured together was observed for approximately 50 daylight hours to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior, enable photographic and video documentation of behaviors, and identify any behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory. An initial draft of the ethogram was sent to 65 equine researchers for review. Twenty-eight critical reviews were received and their suggestions considered for the final draft. A total of 49 elemental behaviors including five distinct vocalizations was included in the ethogram. Three complex behavioral sequences were also included. Most of the behaviors catalogued from the direct observation of pastured pony stallions were also found in the equid literature. For many, references to these behaviors specifically among males or bachelor band members were not found. The results offer a practical tool for quantitative research and other studies of equid inter-male behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior, and should facilitate progress toward development of a complete ethogram for the horse and other equids.
	Address
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	749
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	Author	Kasuya,Eiiti
	Title	A randomization test for linearity of dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Ethol.
	Volume	13	Issue	1	Pages	137-140
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4288
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	Author	Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B.
	Title	The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	109	Issue	2	Pages	134-141
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; Awareness; Concept Formation; Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7758289			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	348
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	Author	i Rios, J.F.; Houpt, K.
	Title	Sexual behavior in geldings			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	46	Issue	1-2	Pages	133-135
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract In response to a request published in Equus, a magazine for those interested in horses, 85 owners of older geldings exhibiting sexual behavior completed history forms. The mean age of geldings was 16 f 5 years. Only 39 of the owners had had the gelding for at least a year before the behavior was noted. These cases could be used to determine the true age of onset of the problem. When log survivorship was used to determine whether there were one or two different populations, a break or change in the slope at age 16 indicated that there are two populations. One population shows the behavior from the time of castration and the other first exhibits the behavior in old age, possibly in response to an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. A total of 40% of the horses were Quarterhorses, the most numerous breed in the US; 78% of the horses were purebreds. Fewer than half the owners knew the age at which their horse had been castrated because they did not own the horse at the time. The mean age at castration, when known, was 3.3 f 2.5 years. The reason for contacting us was sexual behavior (70%), aggression (24%). or some other problem ( 1 o/o). Whether or not aggression was the presenting problem, most of the horses showed aggression (95%), particularly towards other geldings (88%)) but also towards people (3 1%). Copulatory behavior (mounting) was shown by 69% of the geldings and half of those were able to intromit. These findings indicate that the sexual behavior of geldings is a problem for owners and that aggression usually accompanies sexual behavior. The owners were encouraged to send serum samples taken before and after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration for testosterone and estrone sulfate analysis to determine whether residual testicular tissue was responsible for the horse’s behavior. Of the 14 horses tested, only one had elevated levels of testosterone indicating that there was residual testicular tissue. A total of six of the owners agreed to treat their horses with cyproheptadine at a dose of 8 mg day- ’ gradually increased to 88 mg day- ’ per horse. A total of three of the horses showed a decline in sexual and aggressive behavior, one got worse and two had side effects and treatment was withdrawn.
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	Notes				Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3627
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