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| Author |
Mitchell R |
| Title |
Mental models of mirror self-recognition: two theories |
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1993 |
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New Ideas Psychol. |
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11 |
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211 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3019 |
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| Author |
Nagell K; Olguin RS; Tomasello M |
| Title |
Processes of social learning in the tool use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and human children (Homo sapiens) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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174 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3021 |
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| Author |
Povinelli DJ |
| Title |
Reconstructing the evolution of mind |
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1993 |
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Am. Psychol. |
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48(5) |
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493 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3027 |
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| Author |
Povinelli DJ; Rulf AB; Landau KR; Bierschwale DT |
| Title |
Self-recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): distribution, ontogeny, and patterns of emergence |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3033 |
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| Author |
Russon AE; Galdikas BMF |
| Title |
Imitation in free-ranging rehabilitant orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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1993 |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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107 |
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147 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3036 |
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| Author |
Tomasello M; Savage-Rumbaugh S; Kruger AC |
| Title |
Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees, and enculturated chimpanzees |
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1993 |
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Child Dev. |
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64 |
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1688 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3044 |
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| Author |
Poletaeva, I.I.; Popova, N.V.; Romanova, L.G. |
| Title |
Genetic aspects of animal reasoning |
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| Year |
1993 |
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Behavior Genetics |
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23 |
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5 |
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467-475 |
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This paper reviews the investigations of Prof. L. V. Krushinsky and his colleagues into the genetics of complex behaviors in mammals. The ability of animals to extrapolate the direction of a food stimulus movement was investigated in wild and domesticated foxes (including different fur-color mutants), wild brown rats, and laboratory rats and mice. Wild animals (raised in the laboratory) were shown to be superior to their respective domesticated forms on performance of the extrapolation task, especially in their scores for the first presentation, in which no previous experience could be used. Laboratory rats and mice demonstrated a low level of extrapolation performance. This means that only a few laboratory animals were capable of solving the task, i.e., the percentage of correct solutions was equivalent to chance. The brain weight selection program resulted in two mice strains with a 20% (90-mg) difference in brain weight. Ability to solve the extrapolation task was present in low-brain weight mice in generations 7-11 but declined with further selection. Investigation of extrapolation ability in mice with different chromosomal anomalies demonstrated that animals with Robertsonian translocations Rb(8,17) 1lem and Rb(8,17) 6Sic were capable of solving this task in a statistically significant majority of cases, while mice with fusion of other chromosomes, as well as CBA normal karyotype mice, performed no better than expected by chance. Mice with two types of partial trisomies and animals homo- and heterozygous for translocations were also tested. Although mice with T6 trisomy performed no better than expected by chance, animals with trisomy for a chromosome 17 fragment solved the task successfully. Thus, a genetic component underlying the ability to solve the extrapolation task was demonstrated in three animal species. The extrapolation task in animals is considered to reveal a general capacity for elementary reasoning. The genetic basis of this capacity is very complex. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3089 |
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| Author |
Timberlake, W. |
| Title |
Animal Behavior: A Continuing Synthesis |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Annual Review of Psychology |
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44 |
Issue |
1 |
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675-706 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3537 |
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| Author |
Murray, Martyn G.; Brown, David |
| Title |
Niche Separation of Grazing Ungulates in the Serengeti: An Experimental Test |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
The Journal of Animal Ecology |
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T. J. Anim. Ecol. |
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62 |
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2 |
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380-389 |
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1. The niche separation of three species of alcelaphine antelope (wildebeest, topi and hartebeest) with similar body size was compared by measuring bite weight, bite rate, intake rate and selectivity of tame animals in plots containing grass at different growth stages. 2. On growing swards, hartebeest had a smaller bite weight and lower intake rate, and were also less selective of green leaf, than either topi or wildebeest. On senescent swards, hartebeest were more selective of leaf than the other two species. 3. Wildebeest had a faster bite rate than either topi or hartebeest on swards with low biomass and high protein content of green leaf (green flush). Bite weight and intake rate of wildebeest and topi were similar despite the difference in breadth of their incisor rows. 4. Topi were significantly more selective of green leaf than the other two species and were the only species to maintain a rapid bite rate on swards with high green leaf biomass. 5. The feeding experiments did not reveal significant cross-overs between species in the rate of food intake on different grass types, but each species was most proficient either in leaf selection or bite rate when feeding on grass swards in a particular growth stage. We suggest that growth stage is a primary determinant of niche separation. 6. In Serengeti, grazing ungulates which migrate are specialists of the earlier growth stages of grass which tend to be transient, while those that are residential specialize on late growth stages which are more enduring. The mobility of species, and the spatial and temporal dynamics of pastures containing different growth stages of grass, contribute to niche separation. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3544 |
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Negi,G. C. S.; Rikhari, H. C.; Ram,Jeet; Singh, S. P. |
| Title |
Foraging Niche Characteristics of Horses, Sheep and Goats in an Alpine Meadow of the Indian Central Himalaya |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
Publication |
The Journal of Applied Ecology |
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J. Appl. Ecol |
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30 |
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3 |
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383-394 |
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1. Data on plant species foraged, foraging hours, bite rate, bite size and species dry matter (DM) removed per species per bite were collected in tussock grass-forb (Grass-F), forb-tussock grass (Forb-G), Trachydium-forb (Forb), Rhododendron-Cassiope and early successional communities from May to September in a moderately foraged Central Himalayan alpine meadow in order to study the foraging niche characteristics of horses, sheep and goats. 2. The three animals together grazed 30 plant species, of which 20 were grazed by horses, 22 by sheep and 16 by goats. 3. The average foraging hours (5.2-13.2), bites per minute (23-51) and mg DM per bite (59-99) for horses, sheep and goats were significantly different in different communities and months. 4. The foraging search cost, reckoned as distance walked per unit DM eaten, was highest for goats (15.4 km kg$^{-1}$), followed by sheep (8.1 km kg$^{-1}$) and horses (1.2 km kg$^{-1}$). 5. Of the total intake of horses (3.25 kg DM day$^{-1}$), the Forb community alone accounted for 40%. Sheep (0.74 kg DM day$^{-1}$) resembled horses in this respect. In contrast, the contribution of this community was negligible in the diet of goats in which the Grass-F community contributed most to the intake. 6. Forbs were the largest dietary category for all animal species. The selection ratio varied from 0.7 to 11.3 for forbs, 1.0 to 7.2 for sedges and 1.1 to 2.5 for grasses. 7. Response breadth (in terms of species grazed) was similar for horses and sheep (0.46 vs. 0.43) and somewhat wider for goats (0.49). 8. Grazing pressures below the carrying capacity of the community appeared to favour botanical diversity. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3545 |
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