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Author Berger, J.; Rudman, R. doi  openurl
  Title Predation and Interactions between Coyotes and Feral Horse Foals Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication ournal of Mammalogy Abbreviated Journal J. Mammal.  
  Volume 66 Issue 2 Pages 401-402  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 2017  
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Author Chu, G.Z., et al url  openurl
  Title The summer habitat and population numbers of the Mongolian wild ass in the Kalamaili Mountains Wildlife Reserve, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Acta Zoologica Sinica Abbreviated Journal Acta Zoologica Sinica  
  Volume 31 Issue 2 Pages 178-186  
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  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Chineese Summary Language Original Title  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2258  
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Author Crowell-Davis, S.; Houpt, K.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The ontogeny of flehmen in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 739-745  
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  Abstract Flehmen behaviour in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mares and foals living on pasture was observed during 807 h of focal sampling. A series of flehmens performed at one site was defined as a flehmen incident. Colts exhibited flehmen incidents and performed flehmen more frequently during an incident than did fillies or mares. Filies exhibited flehmen incidents more frequently than did mares, but did not flehmen more frequently during an incident. Colts exhibited a peak frequency of performing flehmen and of flehmen incidents during weeks 1-4 with a subsequent linear decrease in frequency up to weeks 17-20. Usually, flehmen occurred without the subject having had direct contact of the nostrils, lips, or tongue with a possible stimulant. Twenty-six per cent of the flehmen incidents occurred during or after urination by another pony. Seven per cent of the incidents occurred during or after urination by the pony showing flehmen.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2261  
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Author Duncan, P. url  openurl
  Title Time-budgets of Camargue horses III. Environmental influences Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Behaviour Abbreviated Journal Behaviour  
  Volume 92 Issue Pages 188-208  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2283  
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Author Hawkes, J.; Hedges, M.; Daniluk, P.; Hintz, H.F.; Schryver, H.F. doi  openurl
  Title Feed preferences of ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Equine Veterinary Journal Abbreviated Journal Equine Vet J  
  Volume 17 Issue 1 Pages 20-22  
  Keywords *Animal Feed; Animals; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Female; *Food Preferences; Horses/*physiology; Male  
  Abstract Preference trials were conducted with mature ponies. In Trial 1, oats were compared with oats plus sucrose. Four of six pony geldings selected oats plus sucrose, but one pony demonstrated a dislike for sucrose and one selected from the bucket on the right side regardless of content. Oats, maize, barley, rye and wheat were compared in Trial 2 using six mature pony mares. Oats were the preferred grain, with maize and barley ranking second and third respectively. Wheat and rye were the least preferred. Even though the ponies demonstrated preference, the total intake at a given meal was not greatly depressed when only the less palatable grains were fed. In Trial 3, pony mares selected a diet containing 20 per cent dried distillers' grain and 80 per cent of a basal mixed diet of maize, oats, wheat bran, soybean meal, limestone and molasses over 100 per cent basal mixed diet, but selected the basal diet over diets containing 20 per cent blood meal, beet pulp or meat and bone meal and 80 per cent basal diet. They did not differentiate against diets containing 20 per cent alfalfa meal or 10 or 5 per cent meat and bone meal when the diets were compared to the basal mixed diet.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 0425-1644 ISBN Medium (up)  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:3979369 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2298  
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Author Miller, J.A. url  openurl
  Title Telling a quagga by its stripes. (extinct South African animal) Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Science News Abbreviated Journal Sci. News  
  Volume 128 Issue Pages 70  
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  Abstract If, in a mix-up at a costume shop, a couple were issued the front half of a zebra suit and the back half of a horse, it could be considered a quagga disguise. But if the masqueraders were pressed as to whether they were more horse or more zebra, the latest biochemical research advises them to insist on zebra.

The quagga, a South African animal extinct for more than 100 years, has been a source of confusion among taxonomists. Some contend, on the basis of the quagga skins preserved in museums, that this front-striped animal is a zebra, either a fourth zebra species or a variant of the Plains zebra, whose hindquarter stripes are dim. But others have argued that the quagga's teeth and skeleton indicate that its nearest relative is the true horse.

Biochemists joined the fray last year when muscle tissue was obtained from a salt-preserved quagga pelt in a West German museum. The tissue yielded both proteins and genes that could be analyzed (SN:6/9/84, p. 356).

Now the analysis has yielded some results. According to “remarkably concordant” findings on the proteins and on the genes, the quagga was a subspecies of the Plains zebra, says Jerold M. Lowenstein of the University of California at San Francisco. He looked at the binding between a sample of quagga proteins and mixtures of antibodies that bind to blood-serum proteins of each of the extant Equus species. The quagga sample bound more of the antibodies against Plains zebra serum than against the other species. Lowenstein calculates that the quagga relationship with the Plains zebra is six times closer than its relationship with the two other zebra species.

“We had to use special techniques to show the difference,” Lowenstein told SCIENCE NEWS. “There is 99 percent identity on the protein level. All the [Equus] species diverged within the past 5 million years, which is only yesterday in evolutionary terms.”

The quagga-Plains zebra relationship is further supported by the analysis of quagga mitochondrial genes performed by Russell Higuchi and Allan Wilson at the University of California at Berkeley. They find seven times as great a difference between quagga and Mountain zebra DNA as they do between quagga and Plains zebra DNA.

“Stripes, the molecules tell us, do make a zebra,” Lowenstein concludes in the July 18 NEW SCIENTIST, “and the half-striped quagga was a Plains zebra.”
 
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2375  
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Author Moehlman, P. openurl 
  Title The odd-toed ungulates: order Perrisodactyla Type Book Chapter
  Year 1985 Publication Social odours in mammals Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor Brown , R.E. ;Macdonald, D.W.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2379  
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Author Terrace, H.S. doi  openurl
  Title Animal Cognition: Thinking without Language Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences (1934-1990) Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 308 Issue 1135 Pages 113-128  
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  Abstract Recent attempts to teach apes rudimentary grammatical skills have produced negative results. The basic obstacle appears to be at the level of the individual symbol which, for apes, functions only as a demand. Evidence is lacking that apes can use symbols as names, that is, as a means of simply transmitting information. Even though non-human animals lack linguistic competence, much evidence has recently accumulated that a variety of animals can represent particular features of their environment. What then is the non-verbal nature of animal representations? This question will be discussed with reference to the following findings of studies of serial learning by pigeons. While learning to produce a particular sequence of four elements (colours), pigeons also acquire knowledge about the relation between non-adjacent elements and about the ordinal position of a particular element. Learning to produce a particular sequence also facilitates the discrimination of that sequence from other sequences.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 3522  
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Author Poling, A.; Thomas, J.; Hall-Johnson, E.; Picker, M. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Self-control revisited: Some factors that affect autoshaped responding Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 10 Issue 1-2 Pages 77-85  
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  Abstract Pigeons were exposed to autoshaping procedures under which 50% of red key illuminations were followed by 9-sec food deliveries, and 50% of blue key illuminations were followed by 3-sec food deliveries. When all key illuminations were 6 sec, pigeons preferred the red stimulus. Subsequent manipulations demonstrated that preference could be shifted to the blue stimulus by either increasing the duration of the red stimulus or imposing a delay interval between the offset of that stimulus and food delivery. A final experiment demonstrated that, in two of three subjects, preference for key illuminations associated with longer, but delayed, food deliveries generally increased as the duration of all key illuminations was lengthened. These results, obtained under conditions where keypecking had no programmed consequences, are similar to those previously observed under procedures involving a positive response-food dependency.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3606  
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Author Perusse, D.; Lefebvre, L. url  openurl
  Title Grouped sequential exploitation of food patches in a flock feeder, the feral pigeon Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 39-52  
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  Abstract Feral and laboratory flocks of rock doves ( ) show a pattern of grouped sequential exploitation when simultaneously presented with two dispersed, depleting patches of seed. This behavior contrasts with the ideal free distribution pattern shown when patches are small and concentrated. Grouped sequential exploitation consists of two phases: all pigeons first land together and feed at one patch, then leave one by one for the other patch. Departure times of individuals for the second patch are correlated with feeding rate at patch 1, which is in turn correlated with position in the dominance hierarchy. The decision to switch from patch 1 to patch 2 improves individual feeding rates in all cases, but is done slightly later than it should according to optimal foraging theory.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4227  
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