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Author Moehlman, P. openurl 
  Title The odd-toed ungulates: order Perrisodactyla Type Book Chapter
  Year 1985 Publication Social odours in mammals Abbreviated Journal  
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  Publisher Oxford University Press Place of Publication Oxford Editor Brown , R.E. ;Macdonald, D.W.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2379  
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Author Huff, A.N.; Meacham, T.N.; Wahlberg, M.L. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Feeds and feeding: A review Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 5 Issue 2 Pages 96-108  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4667  
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Author Vrba, Elisabeth S. openurl 
  Title Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication South African Journal of Science Abbreviated Journal S Afr J Anim Sci  
  Volume 81 Issue Pages 229-236  
  Keywords evolution, paleontology, turnover pulse  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5463  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Mitchell, C.J.; Darsie, R.F.J.; Monath, T.P.; Sabattini, M.S.; Daffner, J. openurl 
  Title The use of an animal-baited net trap for collecting mosquitoes during western equine encephalitis investigations in Argentina Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association Abbreviated Journal J Am Mosq Control Assoc  
  Volume 1 Issue 1 Pages 43-47  
  Keywords Animals; Argentina; *Culicidae/classification; Disease Outbreaks/veterinary; Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/transmission/*veterinary; Entomology/*instrumentation; Equipment Design; Horse Diseases/*transmission; Horses; *Insect Vectors; Population Surveillance  
  Abstract (up) A large net trap was used to sample mosquito populations attracted to horses at three sites each in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces, Argentina, during the austral summer of 1984. These provinces, as well as others in Argentina, were affected by a severe epizootic of western equine encephalitis (WEE) during 1982-83. Totals of 2,752 and 6,929 mosquitoes were collected in Santa Fe and Rio Negro Provinces during five and three trap nights, respectively. Culex mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex were predominant (45.8% of total) in the Santa Fe collections, although Aedes albifasciatus also was prevalent (21.7%). The latter species was predominant (95.7% of total) in the Rio Negro collections. The mosquito fauna was less complex (minimum of 6 species) in Rio Negro Province as compared to Santa Fe Province (minimum of 18 species). The advantages of the net trap indicate that this trap can become a useful tool in arbovirus ecology studies in other areas.  
  Address Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO 80522-2087  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 8756-971X ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:2906656 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2686  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Sasväri, L. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Different Observational Learning Capacity in Juvenile and Adult Individuals of Congeneric Bird Species Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie Abbreviated Journal Z. Tierpsychol.  
  Volume 69 Issue 4 Pages 293-304  
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  Abstract (up) Abstract and Summary: Since the adaptive significance of social organization is emphasized diversely in both anti-predator behaviour and food searching of birds, measures and comparisons of observational learning capacity of various species are needed. Four different experimental situations were built up for juvenile and adult individuals of tits (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) and thrushes (Turdus merula, T. philo-melos). The birds learn more easily from conspecifics and learn easily when they already know a previous problem solving situation. The capacity of observational learning of the adult great tits surpasses that of adult blue tits and marsh tits, and that of the adult blackbirds exceeds that of the adult songthrushes. The higher performance of the great tit and blackbird can be related to their greater hemispheric index. The differences in the learning capacity of the naive individuals of the three tit species and that of the two thrush species were not significant. It is suggested, that the higher observational learning of the great tit and blackbird is evolved through maturational processes and can be reflected by their greater adaptability. Zusammenfassung: Lernen durch Nachahmung wurde in vier verschiedenen Situationen mit jungen und alten Individuen von Meisen- (Parus major, P. caeruleus, P. palustris) und Drosselarten (Turdus merula, T. philomelos) untersucht. Die Vögel lernten besser von Artgenossen und lernten leicht, wenn sie vorher bereits eine Problemlösungssituation kannten. Die Lernfähigkeit (durch Nachahmung) alter Kohlmeisen übertraf die alter Blau- und Sumpfmeisen; die Lernfähigkeit alter Amseln übertraf die alter Singdrosseln. Die höhere Leistung der Kohlmeisen und Amseln hängt mit ihrem höheren Hemisphären-Index zusammen. Naive Individuen der Meisen- und Drosselarten zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in ihrer Lernfähigkeit. Es ist anzunehmen, daß die höhere Lernfähigkeit der Kohlmeise und der Amsel im Laufe der Entwicklung durch Reifungsprozesse zustande kommt und sich in ihrer höheren Anpassungsfähig-keit widerspiegelt.  
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  Publisher Blackwell Publishing Ltd Place of Publication Editor  
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  ISSN 1439-0310 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6169  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Shettleworth, S.J. doi  openurl
  Title Handling time and choice in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Abbreviated Journal J Exp Anal Behav  
  Volume 44 Issue 2 Pages 139-155  
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  Abstract (up) According to optimal foraging theory, animals should prefer food items with the highest ratios of energy intake to handling time. When single items have negligible handling times, one large item should be preferred to a collection of small ones of equivalent total weight. However, when pigeons were offered such a choice on equal concurrent variable-interval schedules in a shuttlebox, they preferred the side offering many small items per reinforcement to that offering one or a few relatively large items. This preference was still evident on concurrent fixed-cumulative-duration schedules in which choosing the alternative with longer handling time substantially lowered the rate of food intake.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 0022-5002 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:16812429 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 383  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Gallup, G.G.J. openurl 
  Title Do minds exist in species other than our own? Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Abbreviated Journal Neurosci Biobehav Rev  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 631-641  
  Keywords Animals; Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; *Cognition; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Infant; Language; Pan troglodytes; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Species Specificity  
  Abstract (up) An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness.  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 0149-7634 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:4080281 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2808  
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Author Sweeting, M.P.; Houpt, C.E.; Houpt, K.A. url  openurl
  Title Social Facilitation of Feeding and Time Budgets in Stabled Ponies Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.  
  Volume 60 Issue 2 Pages 369-374  
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  Abstract (up) Eight pairs of pony mares were observed. Members of a pair were housed in adjacent stalls and fed hay ad libitum. The behavior of both ponies was recorded simultaneously in the morning (1000 to 1200 h) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 h) for a total of 117 h. The time budget was: 70.1 {+/-} 8.6% eating; 17.8 {+/-} 7.4% standing (including stand rest, stand alert and stand nonajert); 5.2 {+/-} 7.0% pushing hay; 2.9 {+/-} 1.2% walking; 1.9 {+/-} 2.9% drinking; 1.3 {+/-} 1.1% self-grooming; .2 {+/-} .3% defecating; .06 {+/-} .1% chewing nonfood items; .06 {+/-} .03% urination; .06 {+/-} .1% licking salt; .07 {+/-} .1% pawing hay; .6 {+/-} .7% lying and .07 {+/-} .08% stretching the neck over the stall wall dividing the ponies. While eating, the ponies lifted their heads 25.4 {+/-} 11.0 times/h. In less than one-half of the occasions when urination or defecation was observed, the ponies walked away from the spot where they had been eating to eliminate. During one-half of the observations, visual contact between the ponies was prevented by a solid partition between the stalls. The ponies spent significantly more time standing nonalert when the partition prevented visual contact (12 {+/-} 7%) than when visual contact could take place (6 {+/-} 3%, P<.05). When fresh hay was supplied in the mornings, the ponies spent similar amounts of time eating whether visual contact was allowed or not, but in the afternoon significantly more time was spent feeding when visual contact was allowed (73 {+/-} 4%) than when it was not (60 {+/-} 7%). Less time was spent eating, in the absence of visual contact, despite the presence of auditory and olfactory contact. Apparently social facilitation is important in maintaining feeding behavior in ponies. N1 -  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4232  
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Author Perusse, D.; Lefebvre, L. url  openurl
  Title Grouped sequential exploitation of food patches in a flock feeder, the feral pigeon Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Behavioural Processes Abbreviated Journal Behav. Process.  
  Volume 11 Issue 1 Pages 39-52  
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  Abstract (up) Feral and laboratory flocks of rock doves ( ) show a pattern of grouped sequential exploitation when simultaneously presented with two dispersed, depleting patches of seed. This behavior contrasts with the ideal free distribution pattern shown when patches are small and concentrated. Grouped sequential exploitation consists of two phases: all pigeons first land together and feed at one patch, then leave one by one for the other patch. Departure times of individuals for the second patch are correlated with feeding rate at patch 1, which is in turn correlated with position in the dominance hierarchy. The decision to switch from patch 1 to patch 2 improves individual feeding rates in all cases, but is done slightly later than it should according to optimal foraging theory.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4227  
Permanent link to this record
 
 
Author Crowell-Davis, S.; Houpt, K.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title The ontogeny of flehmen in horses Type Journal Article
  Year 1985 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 33 Issue 3 Pages 739-745  
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  Abstract (up) Flehmen behaviour in Welsh pony (Equus caballus) mares and foals living on pasture was observed during 807 h of focal sampling. A series of flehmens performed at one site was defined as a flehmen incident. Colts exhibited flehmen incidents and performed flehmen more frequently during an incident than did fillies or mares. Filies exhibited flehmen incidents more frequently than did mares, but did not flehmen more frequently during an incident. Colts exhibited a peak frequency of performing flehmen and of flehmen incidents during weeks 1-4 with a subsequent linear decrease in frequency up to weeks 17-20. Usually, flehmen occurred without the subject having had direct contact of the nostrils, lips, or tongue with a possible stimulant. Twenty-six per cent of the flehmen incidents occurred during or after urination by another pony. Seven per cent of the incidents occurred during or after urination by the pony showing flehmen.  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2261  
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