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Author |
Dunbar, K.; MacLeod, C.M. |
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Title |
A horse race of a different color: Stroop interference patterns with transformed words |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication  |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
622-639 |
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*Attention; *Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Humans; Orientation; Reaction Time; Reading; *Semantics |
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Abstract |
Four experiments investigated Stroop interference using geometrically transformed words. Over experiments, reading was made increasingly difficult by manipulating orientation uncertainty and the number of noncolor words. As a consequence, time to read color words aloud increased dramatically. Yet, even when reading a color word was considerably slower than naming the color of ink in which the word was printed, Stroop interference persisted virtually unaltered. This result is incompatible with the simple horse race model widely used to explain color-word interference. When reading became extremely slow, a reversed Stroop effect--interference in reading the word due to an incongruent ink color--appeared for one transformation together with the standard Stroop interference. Whether or not the concept of automaticity is invoked, relative speed of processing the word versus the color does not provide an adequate overall explanation of the Stroop phenomenon. |
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0096-1523 |
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PMID:6238123 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4065 |
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Author |
HIGUCHI R et al, |
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Title |
DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family |
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Book Whole |
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1984 |
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Macmillan J. Ltd |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1183 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
Grooming, alliances and reciprocal altruism in vervet monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
308 |
Issue |
5959 |
Pages |
541-543 |
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Keywords |
*Altruism; Animals; Cercopithecus/*physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/*physiology; *Grooming; *Social Behavior; Vocalization, Animal |
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Abstract |
Reciprocal altruism refers to the exchange of beneficial acts between individuals, in which the benefits to the recipient exceed the cost to the altruist. Theory predicts that cooperation among unrelated animals can occur whenever individuals encounter each other regularly and are capable of adjusting their cooperative behaviour according to experience. Although the potential for reciprocal altruism exists in many animal societies, most interactions occur between closely related individuals, and examples of reciprocity among non-kin are rare. The field experiments on vervet monkeys which we present here demonstrate that grooming between unrelated individuals increases the probability that they will subsequently attend to each others' solicitations for aid. Vervets appear to be more willing to aid unrelated individuals if those individuals have behaved affinitively toward them in the recent past. In contrast, recent grooming between close genetic relatives appears to have no effect on their willingness to respond to each other's solicitations for aid. |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:6709060 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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704 |
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Author |
Boesch C; Boesch H |
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Title |
Mental maps in wild chimpanzees: an analysis of hammer transports for nut cracking |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Primates |
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Primates |
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25 |
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160 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2982 |
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Author |
Price, E.O. |
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Title |
Behavioral aspects of animal domestication |
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1984 |
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Q Rev Biol |
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59 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Price1984 |
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6239 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L. |
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Title |
The acoustic features of vervet monkey grunts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Acoust Soc Am |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1623-1628 |
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Keywords |
*Acoustics; Animals; Auditory Perception; Cercopithecus/*physiology; Cercopithecus aethiops/*physiology; Cues; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Male; Social Behavior; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal |
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East African vervet monkeys give short (125 ms), harsh-sounding grunts to each other in a variety of social situations: when approaching a dominant or subordinate member of their group, when moving into a new area of their range, or upon seeing another group. Although all these vocalizations sound similar to humans, field playback experiments have shown that the monkeys distinguish at least four different calls. Acoustic analysis reveals that grunts have an aperiodic F0, at roughly 240 Hz. Most grunts exhibit a spectral peak close to this irregular F0. Grunts may also contain a second, rising or falling frequency peak, between 550 and 900 Hz. The location and changes in these two frequency peaks are the cues most likely to be used by vervets when distinguishing different grunt types. |
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0001-4966 |
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Notes |
PMID:6736426 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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703 |
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Author |
Wolski, K. |
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Title |
Equine behaviour, patterns, types, and causes |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Vet Technician |
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5 |
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250-258 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 3; Export Date: 21 October 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4550 |
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Author |
Barton, M.D.; Hughes, K.L. |
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Title |
Ecology of Rhodococcus equi |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1984 |
Publication |
Veterinary Microbiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Microbiol |
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9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
65-76 |
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Actinomycetales/growth & development/immunology/*isolation & purification; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology; Artiodactyla/*microbiology; Australia; Digestive System/microbiology; Ecology; Feces/*microbiology; Horses/*microbiology; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Rabbits/microbiology; *Soil Microbiology |
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A selective broth enrichment technique was used to study the distribution of Rhodococcus equi in soil and grazing animals. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from 54% of soils examined and from the gut contents, rectal faeces and dung of all grazing herbivorous species examined. Rhodococcus equi was not isolated from the faeces or dung of penned animals which did not have access to grazing. The isolation rate from dung was much higher than from other samples and this was found to be due to the ability of R. equi to multiply more readily in dung. Delayed hypersensitivity tests were carried out on horses, sheep and cattle, but only horses reacted significantly. The physiological characteristics of R. equi and the nature of its distribution in the environment suggested that R. equi is a soil organism. |
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0378-1135 |
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PMID:6719819 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2688 |
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Author |
Penzhorn Bl, |
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A long – term study of social organisation and bhabiour of Cape mountain zebras |
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1984 |
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Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Z. Tierpsychol. |
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64 |
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97-146 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1455 |
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Author |
SCHILDER MBH et al, |
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A quantitative analysis of facial expressions in the plains zebra |
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1984 |
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Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |
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Z. Tierpsychol. |
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66 |
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11-32 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1567 |
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