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Author |
Galdikas BMF |
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Title |
Orang-utan tool-use in Tanjung Puting Reserve, Central Borneo (Kalimantan Tengah) |
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Year |
1982 |
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J. Hum. Evol. |
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10 |
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19 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2994 |
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Author |
Schäfer M, |
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Title |
Beobachtungen zum Paarungsverhalten des Hausesels |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Säugetierk Mitt |
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30 |
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13-25 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1561 |
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Author |
Campitelli, S.; Carenzi, C.; Verga, M. |
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Title |
Factors which influence parturition in the mare and development of the foal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-14 |
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Observations are reported of 127 foals born to 127 mares. In particular, comparisons are made between the mare's tendency to foal at night, the length of gestation, the weight of the foal and the weight of the foetal membrane, the time taken by the foal to attain a standing position and the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane and the age of the mare and the season.
The new facts that emerge from the results are: (a) foals from middle-aged (6–11 years) mares are heavier; (b) variations of gestation length are related to the month of conception (just a trend, not a statistically significant result); (c) time for the foal to stand is related to the foal sex (females: 56.3 minutes; males 70.6 minutes, on average), and to the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane; (d) parturitions take place mainly (80%) during the hours of darkness. In spring, the percentage of night births (85%) is higher than in winter (78%). |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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984 |
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Author |
Arnold Gw, G.A. |
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Title |
Ethogram of agonistic behaviour for thoroughbred horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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8 |
Issue |
1 |
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5-25 |
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Abstract |
Social interactions between individual horses were observed in two herds each comprising a stallion and a number of mares. In one herd, the animals were observed whilst grazing and resting; in the other, nearest neighbours were recorded when the animals were grazing, and social interactions were noted when the animals were feeding on hay.
In both herds, the horses showed marked preferences for the company of specific individuals when they were grazing. In one herd, the associations were mainly between individuals that had been associated prior to being put in the herd. In the other herd, this was not the case. A new statistic was produced for testing for specific company preference. In both herds, the stallion was dominant over all mares and never received any aggression.
The complete social hierarchy could not be determined for the herd which was observed only when grazing because social contact was restricted to that within groups or pairs that associated together. In the herd to which hay was fed, a non-linear hierarchy existed. Statistics were produced to quantify both the general level of dominance of a horse and its specific dominance or subordination to every other horse. It is suggested that these statistics, and one for quantifying the general aggressiveness of a horse, could be widely used.
A principal component analysis allowed the horses to be characterised socially according to aggressiveness, their attitude to other horses and their attractiveness to other horses. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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899 |
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Author |
Eisenmann V, |
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Title |
Les équidés du moyen-orient aus temps préhistoriques. |
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1982 |
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Géochronique |
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Volume |
4 |
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5 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1053 |
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Author |
Beck, B.B. |
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Title |
Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of Human Evolution |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-17 |
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Keywords |
herring gull; chimpanzee; cognition; tool-use; shell-dropping; mollusk; predation |
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Abstract |
Herring gulls drop hard-shelled mollusks and hermit crab-inhabited molluskan prey in order to break the shells and gain access to the edible interior. A field study of predatory shell dropping on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. showed that the gulls usually drop the same shell repeatedly, orient directly to dropping sites that are invisible from the point at which the mollusks are captured, drop preferentially on hard surfaces, adjust dropping heights to suit the area and elasticity of the substrate, orient directly into the wind while dropping, sever the large defensive cheliped of hermit crabs before consumption, and rinse prey that is difficult to swallow. Proficiency in prey dropping is acquired through dropping objects in play, trial-and-error learning, and perhaps, observation learning.
Observable attributes of predatory shell-dropping support inferences that the gulls are capable of extended concentration, purposefulness, mental representation of spatially and temporally displaced environmental features, cognitive mapping, cognitive modeling, selectivity, and strategy formation. Identical cognitive processes have been inferred to underlie the most sophisticated forms of chimpanzee tool-use.
Advanced cognitive capacities are not restricted to chimpanzees and other pongids, and are not associated uniquely with tool use. The chimpocentric bias should be abandoned, and reconstructions of the evolution of intelligence should be modified accordingly. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4414 |
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Author |
Gless, K |
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Title |
Das Pferd im Militärwesen |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Militärverlag der DDR |
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Der Autor beschreibt die Verwendung und den Werdegang des Pferdes im Militärwesen während der letzten 4000 Jahre – beginnend bei den Hethitern im 17. Jahrhundert vor Christus bis nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg... Aus dem Inhalt: Einleitung, Streitwagen und Pferdebogner, Von Xenophon bis Mohammed, Ritterschaft und Mongolenheere, Von den Hussiten bis zu den Budjonnyreitern, Literatur, Sachwortregister |
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Militärverlag der DDR |
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Berlin |
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Deutsch |
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refbase @ user @ |
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409 |
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Author |
DENNISTON et al, |
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Title |
Wild horse study |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
1982 |
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Bureau of Land Management, |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1008 |
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Author |
Skiff Em, |
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The effect of enclosure design on social interactions and daily activity patterns of the captive asiatic wild horse |
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1982 |
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Thesis Univ Minnesota |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1598 |
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Author |
Klimov, V.; Orlov, V.M. |
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Title |
Current status and problems of conservation of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). |
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1982 |
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J. Zool., London |
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J. Zool., London |
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61 |
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12 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2329 |
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