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	Author	Bunnell, B.; Gore, W.; Perkins, M.
	Title	Performance correlates of social behavior and organization: Social rank and reversal learning in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	21	Issue	3	Pages	376-388
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract  Seventeen male crab-eating macaques drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a brightness discrimination, reversal learning task. Fourteen of these animals completed ten reversals. It was found that the performance of the three highest ranking animals from each troop, taken together, was poorer than that of the lower ranking animals that were tested. The high ranking animals made more errors before reaching criterion on both initial learning and the reversal problems. Analysis of error patterns revealed that, while the high ranking animals had no more difficulty than the others in withholding their responses to the previously correct stimulus following reversals, they did not adopt the correct strategy as soon as the low ranking animals. The results have been interpreted in terms of a carry-over of a hypothetical factor or factors resulting from pressures created by the ongoing social dynamics involved in establishing and maintaining a given social rank at the time laboratory testing occurred.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2083
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	Author	Keiper, R.R.; Keenan, M.A.
	Title	Nocturnal activity patterns of feral horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	J. Mammal	Abbreviated Journal	J. Mammal
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	116-118
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2311
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	Author	Rubin, L.; Oppegard, C.; Hindz, H.F.
	Title	The effect of varying the temporal distribution of conditioning trials on equine learning behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	50	Issue	6	Pages	1184-1187
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses; Learning
	Abstract	Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of varying the temporal distrbution of conditioning sessions on equine learning behavior. In the first experiment, 15 ponies were trained to clear a small hurdle in response to a buzzer in order to avoid a mild electric shock. Three treatments were used. One group received 10 learning trials daily, seven times a week; one group was trained in the same fashion two times a week and one group was trained once a week. The animals conditioned only once a week achieved a high level of performance in significantly fewer sessions than the ones conditioned seven times a week, although elapsed time from start of training to completion was two to three times greater for the former group. The twice-a-week group learned at an intermediate rate. In the second experiment, the ponies were rearranged into three new groups. They were taught to move backward a specific distance in response to a visual cue in order to avoid an electric shock. Again, one group was trained seven times a week, one group was trained two times and one group was trained once a week. As in the first experiment, the animals trained once a week achieved the learning criteria in significantly fewer sessions than those trained seven times a week, but, as in trial 1, elapsed time from start to finish was greater for them. The two times-a-week group learned at a rate in-between the rates of the other two groups.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7400060			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3558
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	Author	De Moraes Ferrari,E. A.; Todorov, J. C.
	Title	Concurrent avoidance of shocks by pigeons pecking a key			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav.
	Volume	30	Issue	3	Pages	329-333
	Keywords	concurrent schedules, unsignaled avoidance, negative reinforcement, key pecking, pigeon
	Abstract	Three pigeons were studied on concurrent, unsignaled, avoidance schedules in a two-key procedure. Shock-shock intervals were two seconds in both schedules. The response-shock interval on one key was always 22 seconds, while the response-shock interval associated with the other key was varied from 7 to 52 seconds in different experimental conditions. Response rates on the key associated with the varied schedule tended to decrease when the response-shock interval length was increased. Responding on the key associated with the constant schedule was not systematically affected.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3586
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	Author	Lewis,P.; Gardner, ET; Lopatto, D.
	Title	Shock-duration reduction as negative reinforcement			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	The Psychological Record	Abbreviated Journal	Psychol. Rec,
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	In 2 experiments, 9 female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were shocked every 30 sec. Before the barpress response, shocks were long (2 sec); for 3 min after a response, shocks were short (0.1, 0.5, or 1 sec). When responding reduced shocks from 2 to 0.1 sec, barpressing was acquired, and the shorter the shocks the more time spent with the short-shock condition in effect. In another procedure, the duration of individual shocks following a response was controlled so that the 1st shock was as long as those before the response (2 sec), but the remaining shocks in the 3-min period were short (0.1 sec). Barpressing was maintained in some Ss and acquired in others showing that, even when delayed, a reduction in shock duration is reinforcing. These findings question the generality of a 2-factor, safety-signal interpretation of negative reinforcement. These results plus others imply that to predict responding in aversive situations it is necessary to integrate, for at least several minutes, the parameters of aversive events that follow a response. (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved)
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3596
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	Author	Stoddart, D.M.
	Title	The ecology of vertebrate olfaction			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Chapman and Hall	Place of Publication	London; New York	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	0412218208 9780412218200	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ 6770946			Serial	4367
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	Author	Karstens, H.
	Title	Das Military Pferd			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Haberbeck	Place of Publication	Lage	Editor
	Language	German	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4436
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	Author	Brügger, A.
	Title	Die Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates und seines Nervensystems.			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Gustav Fischer	Place of Publication	Stuttgart	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	3437105051	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4440
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	Author	Brügger, A.
	Title	Gesunde Körperhaltung im Alltag			Type	Book Whole
	Year	1980	Publication		Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Dr. A. Brügger	Place of Publication	Zürich	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4451
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	Author	Appleby, M.C.
	Title	Social Rank and Food Access in Red Deer Stags			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	74	Issue		Pages	294-309
	Keywords
	Abstract	The behaviour of a free-living group of male red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on the Isle of Rhum, Scotland, was studied throughout the year to investigate the relations between social dominance and food access. The study is based on the collection of agonistic interactions between members of the study group outside the rutting season. Analysis of these confirmed that dyadic dominance relationships summate to a very clear agonistic hierarchy, while seasonal changes in frequency and type of interactions suggested that rank in the hierarchy may affect access to food through direct feeding interference. This would constitute a selective advantage of the acquisition of high rank. A behaviour pattern in which a stag displaces a subordinate and takes over his feeding-site is proposed as a mechanism of direct feeding interference. It occurs throughout the year, but with a frequency closely related to changes in food availability and quality. The proportion of such interactions that an individual wins is related to his rank, so advantages gained from this behaviour would primarily benefit high-ranking stags. These are likely to consist of improved body condition and winter survival. The importance of high rank in obtaining access to limited food was supported by the results of a simple experiment providing a small area of fertilized grass. Most of the grazing in the area was due to the highest-ranking stag present at any time.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4860
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