| Records |
| Author |
Syme, G.J.; Pollard, J.S.; Syme, L.A.; Reid, R.M. |
Title  |
An analysis of the limited access measure of social dominance in rats |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
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| Volume |
22 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
486-500 |
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| Abstract |
The limited access situation in which only one of two or more subjects can gain access to a reward during a restricted time-period is an accepted measure of dominance in the rat. This study attempts to validate the technique by establishing the relationship between individual and competitive performance in order to determine whether `priority of access' has been measured. The generality of the competitive orders is examined by altering the competitive response while retaining the same reward. In view of the data collected for both time and weight-gain measures in food and water competition it is doubtful whether the limited access competitive technique can be considered a valid measure of dominance for the laboratory rat. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2187 |
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DOBRORUKA LJ et al, |
| Title |
An analysis of the population of Grevy's zebra |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1987 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Int Zoo Yb |
| Volume |
26 |
Issue |
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Pages |
290-293 |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1018 |
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| Author |
Jansen, W.L.; van Alphen, M.; Berghout, M.; Everts, H.; Beynen, A.C. |
| Title |
An approach to assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization by horses and ponies kept at riding schools |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2001 |
Publication |
The Veterinary quarterly |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet Q |
| Volume |
23 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
195-198 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; *Energy Intake; *Energy Metabolism; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male |
| Abstract |
The ratio of calculated net energy intake (NEi) to calculate net energy requirement (NEr) might serve as an indicator of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization. The ratio was determined for 93 horses and ponies from 10 riding schools. For each animal with an assumed constant body weight, energy intake and energy requirements were assessed. On average, the estimated NEi was 14% greater than NEr. There was a significant, negative association between crude fibre intake and the NEi: NEr ratio. Earlier work indicated that extra fat intake may lead to over estimation of the calculated energy value of the ration due to changes in macronutrient digestibility. Dietary fat concentration was found to range from 32 to 52 g/kg dry matter (5 to 6 g/MJ net energy), but on the basis of digestibility trials this range in fat concentration is too small to significantly influence the NEi: NEr ratio. This study shows that assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization under normal conditions, on the basis of the NEi: NEr ratio is fraught with uncertainty. |
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Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands |
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English |
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0165-2176 |
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| Notes |
PMID:11765239 |
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no |
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Serial |
1807 |
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| Author |
Yarnell, K.; Hall, C.; Billett, E. |
| Title |
An assessment of the aversive nature of an animal management procedure (clipping) using behavioral and physiological measures |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
Physiology & Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Physiol. Behav. |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
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Pages |
32-39 |
| Keywords |
Thermography; Eye temperature; Cortisol; Horse; Welfare; Clipping |
| Abstract |
Animal management often involves procedures that, while unlikely to cause physical pain, still cause aversive responses. The domestic horse (Equus caballus) regularly has excessive hair clipped off to facilitate its use as a riding/driving animal and this procedure causes adverse behavioral responses in some animals. The aim of this study was to compare behavioral and physiological measures to assess the aversive effect of this procedure. Ten horses were selected on the basis of being either compliant (C: n=5) or non-compliant (NC: n=5) during this procedure. The horses were subjected to a sham clipping procedure (SC: where the blades had been removed from the clippers) for a period of ten minutes. Measures were taken pre, during and post SC (-10min to +30min) and mean values calculated for ALL horses and for C and NC separately. Behavioral activity was scored (scale 1-5) by twenty students from video footage in (phase/group-blind scoring). Heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol and eye temperature were monitored throughout the procedure. The NC horses were found to be significantly more behaviorally active/less relaxed throughout the trial than C horses (p<0.05) with the greatest difference occurring during the SC procedure (p<0.01). NC horses were more active/less relaxed during, compared with pre or post SC (p<0.05), but showed no behavioral difference pre and post SC. HR of the NC horses was higher than that of the C horses throughout the trial but only significantly so after 10min of SC (p<0.01). ALL horses showed a significant increase in HR between +5 and +10min into the procedure (p<0.05). There was a significant increase in salivary cortisol concentration in ALL horses post procedure (p<0.01) with levels peaking at 20minute post SC. No significant differences in salivary cortisol concentration between C and NC were found at any stage of the trial. Eye temperature increased significantly in ALL horses during SC, peaking at +10min into the procedure (p<0.05) and then decreased substantially when SC had ceased (p<0.01). Although no significant differences were found between C and NC per se, there was a significant interaction between group and phase of trial (p<0.05) with the NC group showing a greater decrease in eye temperature post SC. There was a significant positive correlation between changes in salivary cortisol concentration and eye temperature (p<0.01) but no correlation between any of the other measures. Although the behavioral response of C and NC to this procedure was significantly different the physiological responses indicated that ALL horses found the procedure aversive. Eye temperature could be used as an objective and immediate measure of how an animal is responding to a specific situation in order to evaluate management procedures and adapt them where appropriate to reduce the negative impact on animal health and welfare. |
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0031-9384 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
6611 |
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| Author |
Sinclair, M.; Buhrmann, G.; Gummow, B. |
| Title |
An epidemiological investigation of the African horsesickness outbreak in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 2004 and its relevance to the current equine export protocol |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
J S Afr Vet Assoc |
| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
191-196 |
| Keywords |
African Horse Sickness/diagnosis/*epidemiology; African horse sickness virus/*isolation & purification; Animals; Ceratopogonidae/virology; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary; Female; Horses; Insect Vectors/virology; Male; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Sentinel Surveillance; South Africa/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage |
| Abstract |
African Horsesickness (AHS) is a controlled disease in South Africa. The country is divided into an infected area and a control area. An outbreak of AHS in the control area can result in a ban of exports for at least 2 years. A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out on data collected during the 2004 AHS outbreak in the surveillance zone of the AHS control area in the Western Cape Province. The objective of this study was to describe the 2004 outbreak and compare it with the 1999 AHS outbreak in the same area. As part of the investigation, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the 30 km radius surrounding the index case. Spatial, temporal and population patterns for the outbreak are described. The investigation found that the outbreak occurred before any significant rainfall and that the main AHS vector (Culicoides imicola) was present in abundance during the outbreak. Furthermore, 63% of cases occurred at temperatures < or = 15 degrees C, the Eerste River Valley was a high risk area, only 17% of owners used vector protection as a control measure and 70% of horses in the outbreak area were protected by means of vaccination at the start of the outbreak. The study revealed that the current AHS control measures do not function optimally because of the high percentage of vaccinated horses in the surveillance zone, which results in insufficient sentinel animals and the consequent failure of the early warning system. Alternative options for control that allow continued export are discussed in the paper. |
| Address |
State Veterinarian Epidemiology, Elsenburg, South Africa. marnas@elsenburg.com |
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English |
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1019-9128 |
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| Notes |
PMID:17458343 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2354 |
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Murphy, M.A.; Waits, L.P.; Kendall, K.C.; Wasser, S.K.; Higbee, J.A.; Bogden, R. |
| Title |
An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Conservation Genetics |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conservat. Genet. |
| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
435-440 |
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| Abstract |
Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studieshave been initiated due to difficulties inamplifying low quality and quantity DNAtemplate. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCRamplification success rates and to determinepost collection sample longevity, fivepreservation methods were evaluated: 90%ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-driedstored at room temperature, and oven-driedstored at -20 °C. Preservationeffectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecalsamples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA) locus (~146 bp) and a nuclear DNA(nDNA) locus (~200 bp) at time points of oneweek, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage timesignificantly impacted mtDNA and nDNAamplification success rates. For mtDNA, allpreservation methods had >= 75% success atone week, but storage time had a significantimpact on the effectiveness of the silicapreservation method. Ethanol preserved sampleshad the highest success rates for both mtDNA(86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNAamplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impacton all methods but ethanol. Preservationmethod and storage time should be importantconsiderations for researchers planningprojects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommendpreservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanolwhen feasible, although when collecting inremote field conditions or for both DNA andhormone assays a dry collection method may beadvantageous. |
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1572-9737 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Murphy2002 |
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6574 |
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Sivak, J.G.; Allen, D.B. |
| Title |
An evaluation of the “ramp” retina of the horse eye |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Vision Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vision Res |
| Volume |
15 |
Issue |
12 |
Pages |
1353-1356 |
| Keywords |
Accommodation, Ocular; Animals; Aqueous Humor/physiology; Cornea/physiology; Freezing; Horses/*anatomy & histology; Lens, Crystalline/anatomy & histology/physiology; Refraction, Ocular; Retina/*anatomy & histology; Vitreous Body/physiology |
| Abstract |
Using a rapid freezing and sectioning technique, the distance between the lens and retina of the horse eye was measured. There is no indication of a ramp retina that could serve accommodation. The pupil axis of the eye coincides with the maximum lens to retina distance. The changes in the lens-retina distance are greater below the axis than above it. Calculations were made of refractive power of the horse eye from measurements of curvature and refractive indices of the ocular tissues. These calculations agree both qualitatively and quantitatively with retinoscopic measurements on live horses. Both show that the refractive state shifts in the direction of hyperopia above and below the axis and that this shift is greater below the axis than above it. Some dynamic accommodative ability in the living eye was observed. |
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0042-6989 |
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PMID:1210017 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3647 |
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Janis, C. |
| Title |
An Evolutionary History of Browsing and Grazing Ungulates |
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Book Chapter |
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2007 |
Publication |
The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing |
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21-45 |
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Browsing (i.e., eating woody and non-woody dicotyledonous plants) and grazing (i.e., eating grass) are distinctively different types of feeding behaviour among ungulates today. Ungulates with different diets have different morphologies (both craniodental ones and in aspects of the digestive system) and physiologies, although some of these differences are merely related to body size, as grazers are usually larger than browsers. There is also a difference in the foraging behaviour in terms of the relationship between resource abundance and intake rate, which is linear in browsers but asymptotic in grazers. The spatial distribution of the food resource is also different for the different types of herbage, browse being more patchily distributed than grass, and thus browsers and grazers are likely to have a very different perception of food resources in any given ecosystem (see Gordon 2003, for review). |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4392 |
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Vervaecke, H.; Vries, H.D.; Elsacker, L.V. |
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An Experimental Evaluation Of The Consistency Of Competitive Ability And Agonistic Dominance In Different Social Contexts In Captive Bonobos |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
| Volume |
136 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
423-442 |
| Keywords |
BONOBO PAN PANISCUS; RANK ORDERS; FEEDING SCORES; AGONISTIC RANKS; PEERING |
| Abstract |
Bonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2195 |
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Lonsdorf, E.V.; Ross, S.R.; Linick, S.A.; Milstein, M.S.; Melber, T.N. |
| Title |
An experimental, comparative investigation of tool use in chimpanzees and gorillas |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1119-1126 |
| Keywords |
chimpanzee; gorilla; Gorilla gorilla gorilla; Pan troglodytes; social structure; tool use |
| Abstract |
Studies of ape tool use have been conducted in captivity since the early 1900s and in the wild since the 1960s. Chimpanzees are the most prolific tool users among the apes, and are known to use more tools than any other nonhuman animal. In contrast, reports of gorilla tool use are rare both in wild and captive settings. Studies of the processes involved in tool use learning have been limited in the wild by the lack of ability to control several unpredictable variables, and in captivity by tool use opportunities that are often presented in non-naturalistic contexts. We attempted to address both of these limitations by providing naïve subjects with a naturalistic tool use device (built to simulate a termite mound) while housed in a more natural social setting to approximate how learning would occur in the wild. Both gorillas and chimpanzees participated in the experiment to allow comparative analyses of acquisition of tool behaviour and the factors that may affect acquisition. Both species showed low frequencies of interaction with the mound in the baseline condition, before baiting with a food reward. Once baited, chimpanzees both attempted and succeeded to extract the reward more quickly than did gorillas. The number of social group members at the mound was significantly higher for chimpanzees than for gorillas and may have affected skill acquisition. We advocate that comparative approaches to skill acquisition and learning are valuable, but that researchers need to be cognizant of species differences in social structure that may affect results. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5858 |
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