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	Author	Bergman, T.J.; Beehner, J.C.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1234-1236
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Cognition; Family; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Language; *Papio/psychology; Social Dominance; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thore@sas.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14615544			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	689
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	Author	Weir, A.A.S.; Chappell, J.; Kacelnik, A.
	Title	Shaping of hooks in New Caledonian crows			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	297	Issue	5583	Pages	981
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Female; Male; Songbirds/*physiology
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12169726			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2842
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	Author	Doligez, B.; Danchin, E.; Clobert, J.
	Title	Public information and breeding habitat selection in a wild bird population			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	297	Issue	5584	Pages	1168-1170
	Keywords	Animal Migration; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cues; Environment; Female; Male; Nesting Behavior; Probability; Reproduction; Songbirds/physiology; Sweden
	Abstract	According to the “public information” hypothesis, some animal species may monitor the current reproductive success of conspecifics to assess local habitat quality and to choose their own subsequent breeding site. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we manipulated two components of public information, the mean number of offspring raised locally (“quantity”) and their condition (“quality”), in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Immigration rate decreased with local offspring quantity but did not depend on local offspring quality, suggesting that immigrants are deprived of information regarding local quality. Conversely, emigration rate increased both when local offspring quantity or quality decreased, suggesting that residents can use both components of public information.
	Address	Laboratoire d'Ecologie CNRS-UMR 7625, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Batiment A 7eme etage, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. blandine.doligez@esh.unibe.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12183627			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2841
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Russell, A.F.; Sharpe, L.L.; Brotherton, P.N.; McIlrath, G.M.; White, S.; Cameron, E.Z.
	Title	Effects of helpers on juvenile development and survival in meerkats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	293	Issue	5539	Pages	2446-2449
	Keywords	Animals; Breeding; Carnivora/growth & development/physiology; Cooperative Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Survival Rate; *Weight Gain
	Abstract	Although breeding success is known to increase with group size in several cooperative mammals, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are uncertain. We show that in wild groups of cooperative meerkats, Suricata suricatta, reductions in the ratio of helpers to pups depress the daily weight gain and growth of pups and the daily weight gain of helpers. Increases in the daily weight gain of pups are associated with heavier weights at independence and at 1 year of age, as well as with improved foraging success as juveniles and higher survival rates through the first year of life. These results suggest that the effects of helpers on the fitness of pups extend beyond weaning and that helpers may gain direct as well as indirect benefits by feeding pups.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@hermes.cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11577235			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	414
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	Author	Corr, J.A.
	Title	Nuns and monkeys: investigating the behavior of our oldest old			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science of Aging Knowledge Environment : SAGE KE	Abbreviated Journal	Sci Aging Knowledge Environ
	Volume	2004	Issue	41	Pages	pe38
	Keywords	Aged; Aged, 80 and over/physiology; Aging/physiology; Animals; Behavior/*physiology; Humans; Macaca mulatta
	Abstract	The use of nonhuman primates, particularly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), as the best model for human physiological and cognitive aging is broadly accepted. Studies employing nonhuman primates to investigate behavioral changes that may occur with increasing age, however, are not common mostly because of the unavailability of appropriate subjects. Recent longitudinal human studies suggest that individual personality might play a large role in aging “successfully” and in the retention of high levels of cognition into old age. As a result of the demographic trend of increasing numbers of aged monkeys and apes in captivity, an opportunity exists to further investigate behavioral aging using the monkey model.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. corrj@gvsu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1539-6150	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15483334			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2828
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	Author	Dunbar, R.I.M.; Shultz, S.
	Title	Understanding primate brain evolution			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	362	Issue	1480	Pages	649-658
	Keywords
	Abstract	We present a detailed reanalysis of the comparative brain data for primates, and develop a model using path analysis that seeks to present the coevolution of primate brain (neocortex) and sociality within a broader ecological and life-history framework. We show that body size, basal metabolic rate and life history act as constraints on brain evolution and through this influence the coevolution of neocortex size and group size. However, they do not determine either of these variables, which appear to be locked in a tight coevolutionary system. We show that, within primates, this relationship is specific to the neocortex. Nonetheless, there are important constraints on brain evolution; we use path analysis to show that, in order to evolve a large neocortex, a species must first evolve a large brain to support that neocortex and this in turn requires adjustments in diet (to provide the energy needed) and life history (to allow sufficient time both for brain growth and for 'software' programming). We review a wider literature demonstrating a tight coevolutionary relationship between brain size and sociality in a range of mammalian taxa, but emphasize that the social brain hypothesis is not about the relationship between brain/neocortex size and group size per se; rather, it is about social complexity and we adduce evidence to support this. Finally, we consider the wider issue of how mammalian (and primate) brains evolve in order to localize the social effects.
	Address	British Academy Centenary Research Project, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8436	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17301028			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2099
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	Author	Whiten, A.; van Schaik, C.P.
	Title	The evolution of animal 'cultures' and social intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	362	Issue	1480	Pages	603-620
	Keywords
	Abstract	Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions ('cultures') in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence-sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain-and encephalization. First, we consider whether culture offers one particular confirmation of the social ('Machiavellian') intelligence hypothesis that certain kinds of social life (here, culture) select for intelligence: 'you need to be smart to sustain culture'. Phylogenetic comparisons, particularly focusing on our own study animals, the great apes, support this, but we also highlight some paradoxes in a broader taxonomic survey. Second, we use intraspecific variation to address the converse hypothesis that 'culture makes you smart', concluding that recent evidence for both chimpanzees and orang-utans support this proposition.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8436	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17255007			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	729
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	Author	Sinha, A.
	Title	Knowledge acquired and decisions made: triadic interactions during allogrooming in wild bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
	Volume	353	Issue	1368	Pages	619-631
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Cognition; Computer Simulation; Decision Making; Evolution; Female; Grooming; Logistic Models; Macaca radiata/psychology; Social Behavior; Social Dominance
	Abstract	The pressures of developing and maintaining intricate social relationships may have led to the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities in many nonhuman primates. Knowledge of the dominance ranks and social relationships of other individuals, in particular, is important in evaluating one's position in the rank hierarchy and affiliative networks. Triadic interactions offer an excellent opportunity to examine whether decisions are taken by individuals on the basis of such knowledge. Allogrooming supplants among wild female bonnet macaques (macaca radiata) usually involved the subordinate female of a grooming dyad retreating at the approach of a female dominant to both members of the dyad. In a few exceptional cases, however, the dominant member of the dyad retreated; simple non-cognitive hypotheses involving dyadic rank differences and agonistic relationships failed to explain this phenomenon. Instead, retreat by the dominant individual was positively correlated with the social attractiveness of her subordinate companion (as measured by the duration of grooming received by the latter from other females in the troop). This suggests that not only does an individual evaluate relationships among other females, but does so on the basis of the amount of grooming received by them. Similarly, the frequency of approaches received by any female was correlated with her social attractiveness when she was the dominant member of the dyad, but not when she was the subordinate. This indicated that approaching females might be aware of the relative dominance ranks of the two allogrooming individuals. In logistic regression analyses, the probability of any individual retreating was found to be influenced more by her knowledge of her rank difference with both the other interactants, rather than by their absolute ranks. Moreover, information about social attractiveness appeared to be used in terms of correlated dominance ranks. The nature of knowledge acquired by bonnet macaque females may thus be egotistical in that other individuals are evaluated relative to oneself, integrative in that information about all other interactants is used simultaneously, and hierarchical in the ability to preferentially use certain categories of knowledge for the storage of related information from other domains.
	Address	National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR Centre, Bangalore, India
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8436	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9602536			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4362
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	Author	Arlettaz, R.; Patthey, P.; Baltic, M.; Leu, T.; Schaub, M.; Palme, R.; Jenni-Eiermann, S.
	Title	Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proceedings. Biological Sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	274	Issue	1614	Pages	1219-1224
	Keywords
	Abstract	Stress generated by humans on wildlife by continuous development of outdoor recreational activities is of increasing concern for biodiversity conservation. Human disturbance often adds to other negative impact factors affecting the dynamics of vulnerable populations. It is not known to which extent the rapidly spreading free-riding snow sports actually elicit detrimental stress (allostatic overload) upon wildlife, nor what the potential associated fitness and survival costs are. Using a non-invasive technique, we evaluated the physiological stress response induced by free-riding snow sports on a declining bird species of Alpine ecosystems. The results of a field experiment in which radiomonitored black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) were actively flushed from their snow burrows once a day during four consecutive days showed an increase in the concentration of faecal stress hormone (corticosterone) metabolites after disturbance. A large-scale comparative analysis across the southwestern Swiss Alps indicated that birds had higher levels of these metabolites in human-disturbed versus undisturbed habitats. Disturbance by snow sport free-riders appears to elevate stress, which potentially represents a new serious threat for wildlife. The fitness and survival costs of allostatic adjustments have yet to be estimated.
	Address	Zoological Institute, Division of Conservation Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. raphael.arlettaz@nat.unibe.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17341459			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4075
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	Author	Wittig, R.M.; Crockford, C.; Wikberg, E.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.
	Title	Kin-mediated reconciliation substitutes for direct reconciliation in female baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	274	Issue	1613	Pages	1109-1115
	Keywords
	Abstract	It has been hypothesized that group-living mammals engage in reconciliation (post-conflict affiliation between former opponents) to reduce the disruptive costs of aggression and restore opponents' tolerance to baseline levels. Recipients of aggression are sometimes reluctant to tolerate the proximity of a recent opponent, however, in apparent fear that aggression will be renewed. In such cases, reconciliatory behaviour by the aggressor's close kin may substitute for direct reconciliation. We describe a playback experiment with free-ranging baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) that examines whether friendly behaviour by the aggressor's kin can substitute for direct reconciliation by the aggressor herself. In the test condition, female subjects who had recently been threatened heard the friendly grunt of one of their aggressor's relatives, mimicking kin-mediated vocal reconciliation. In the control condition, subjects heard the grunt of a dominant female from a different matriline. Subjects responded significantly more strongly in test than in control trials. Moreover, in the next hour they were significantly more likely to tolerate the proximity of both their aggressor and the relative whose grunt they had heard. In contrast, subjects' behaviour towards both control females and other members of their aggressor's matriline was unaffected. We conclude that kin-mediated vocal reconciliation can substitute for direct reconciliation in baboons.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17301022			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	342
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