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	Author	Proops, L.; McComb, K.; Reby, D.
	Title	*Cross-modal individual recognition in domestic horses (Equus caballus)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
	Volume	106	Issue	3	Pages	947-951
	Keywords	animal cognition vocal communication social behavior playback experiment expectancy violation
	Abstract	Individual recognition is considered a complex process and, although it is believed to be widespread across animal taxa, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this ability are poorly understood. An essential feature of individual recognition in humans is that it is cross-modal, allowing the matching of current sensory cues to identity with stored information about that specific individual from other modalities. Here, we use a cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm to provide a clear and systematic demonstration of cross-modal individual recognition in a nonhuman animal: the domestic horse. Subjects watched a herd member being led past them before the individual went of view, and a call from that or a different associate was played from a loudspeaker positioned close to the point of disappearance. When horses were shown one associate and then the call of a different associate was played, they responded more quickly and looked significantly longer in the direction of the call than when the call matched the herd member just seen, an indication that the incongruent combination violated their expectations. Thus, horses appear to possess a cross-modal representation of known individuals containing unique auditory and visual/olfactory information. Our paradigm could provide a powerful way to study individual recognition across a wide range of species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	10.1073/pnas.0809127105			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4689
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	Author	Anderson, W.D.; Summers, C.H.
	Title	Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Stress Coping Strategies, and Social Dominance: Comparative Lessons about Leadership Potential			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science	Abbreviated Journal	Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci
	Volume	614	Issue	1	Pages	102-130
	Keywords	social dominance – authoritarian – Five Factor Model – neurochemistry – neurotransmitters – leadership
	Abstract	The authors examine dominance and subordination in the social psychology, political science, and biology literatures. Using Summers and Winberg (2006) as a guide, the authors suggest that extreme dominance or subordination phenotypes--including social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism--are determined by an organism's genetic predispositions, motivations, stress responses, and long-term hormone release and uptake states. The authors offer hypotheses about the likely neurochemical profiles for each of these extreme dominance and subordination phenotypes and suggest two designs that begin to test these hypotheses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4699
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	Author	Legare, C.H.; Nielsen, M.
	Title	Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year		Publication	Trends in Cognitive Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends in Cognitive Sciences
	Volume	19	Issue	11	Pages	688-699
	Keywords
	Abstract	Imitation and innovation work in tandem to support cultural learning in children and facilitate our capacity for cumulative culture. Here we propose an integrated theoretical account of how the unique demands of acquiring instrumental skills and cultural conventions provide insight into when children imitate, when they innovate, and to what degree. For instrumental learning, with an increase in experience, high fidelity imitation decreases and innovation increases. By contrast, for conventional learning, imitative fidelity stays high, regardless of experience, and innovation stays low. We synthesize cutting edge research on the development of imitative flexibility and innovation to provide insight into the social learning mechanisms underpinning the uniquely human mind.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5931
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	Author	Vidya, T.N.C.; Sukumar, R.
	Title	Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Current Science (Bangalore)	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Sci
	Volume	89	Issue	7	Pages	1200-1207
	Keywords	Acoustic communication; dispersal; Elephas maximus; Loxodonta africana; musth; social organization
	Abstract	We present a review of studies on elephant social and reproductive behaviour. While the social organization of the African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) has been intensively studied,that of the African forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) are poorly understood. Noninvasive molecular methods are useful in combination with behavioural data in understanding social organization and dispersal strategies. The ecological determinants of social organization, and the importance of matriarchal leadership to social groups, and relative importance of different forms of communication under various ecological conditions remain interesting topics that await investigation. Reproductive behaviour also has been examined in detail only in the African savannah elephant, although rigorous chemical analyses continue to be carried out using captive elephants of both species. Improved laboratory techniques may enable future work on reproductive signalling in free-ranging elephants, allowing for comprehensive studies of male-male interactions and mate choice by females.
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	Notes	Copyright for this article belongs to Indian Academy of Sciences.			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4703
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	Author	Adolphs, R.
	Title	Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Nature Reviews. Neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Nat Rev Neurosci
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	165-178
	Keywords	Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	We are an intensely social species--it has been argued that our social nature defines what makes us human, what makes us conscious or what gave us our large brains. As a new field, the social brain sciences are probing the neural underpinnings of social behaviour and have produced a banquet of data that are both tantalizing and deeply puzzling. We are finding new links between emotion and reason, between action and perception, and between representations of other people and ourselves. No less important are the links that are also being established across disciplines to understand social behaviour, as neuroscientists, social psychologists, anthropologists, ethologists and philosophers forge new collaborations.
	Address	Deparment of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1471-003X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12612630			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4706
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	Author	Lansade, L.; Bouissou, M.-F.
	Title	Reactivity to humans: A temperament trait of horses which is stable across time and situations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	114	Issue	3-4	Pages	492-508
	Keywords	Horse; Equus caballus; Reactivity to humans; Temperament trait; Personality; Behavioural consistency
	Abstract	The aim of this study was to test the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” trait which is stable over time and across situations. For this purpose, four test situations were repeated on the same animals at 8 months, 1.5 years (N = 110 horses) and 2.5 years of age (N = 54 horses). These situations involved a “familiar passive human test” during which a familiar person stayed motionless in the test pen, a “familiar active human test” and an “unfamiliar active human test” during which a familiar or unfamiliar person attempted to touch the horse, and a “halter-fitting and heart-rate measurement test”, during which the horse was haltered and equipped with a surcingle and then had its heart-rate measured. Many behavioural variables were recorded during the tests, and correlations between ages and variables measured during other situations were investigated. When correlations were found, we concluded that the variables corresponded to temperament traits which are stable over time and across situations. The horses tested were divided into four groups according to breed (Anglo-Arab and Welsh) and year of birth (2001 and 2002). Data for each group were analysed separately with Spearman rank correlations. Regarding stability over time, there was a strong correlation between ages in the frequency of licking/nibbling the passive human, the time taken by a familiar or unfamiliar person to touch the horse, and the time taken to fit a halter (e.g. the time taken to touch the horse's muzzle was significantly correlated between ages in 7 out of the 8 possible cases: 0.40 <= R <= 0.67). Regarding stability across situations, results indicate that the more frequently a horse sniffed, licked or nibbled a passive human, the easier it was for either a familiar or unfamiliar active human to touch and halter it. Moreover, a horse which could be touched easily by a familiar human could also be touched and haltered easily by an unfamiliar human. These behaviours, which are linked directly to humans, therefore indicate good stability over time and across situations. In conclusion, this stability suggests the existence of a “reactivity-to-humans” temperament trait, whether the human is passive or active, familiar or unfamiliar. When the animals do not have frequent contact with humans, this reactivity is stable over time and can be measured as early as 8 months of age using the behavioural variables cited above.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4710
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	Author	Verrill, S.; McDonnell, S.
	Title	Equal Outcomes with and without Human-to-Horse Eye Contact When Catching Horses and Ponies in an Open Pasture			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2008	Publication	Journal of Equine Veterinary Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	28	Issue	5	Pages	309-312
	Keywords	Horse handling; Horse management; Eye contact; Interspecies interactions; Equine behavior
	Abstract	Each of 104 horses and ponies was approached for catching at pasture by the same human handler in a standard manner, either maintaining human-to-animal eye contact (EC+; n = 51) or avoiding eye contact (EC-; n = 53). A subset of 74 of these subjects were reevaluated 3 weeks later under similar standard conditions except with the eye contact condition opposite to that used in the first round. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to evaluate between subjects (round 1, n = 104) and within subjects (rounds 1 and 2, n = 74) comparisons of successful or unsuccessful catching outcome with EC+ and EC-. Catching outcomes were similar with eye contact condition. Although this study represents a single handler at one study site, results suggest that human-to-horse eye contact may not be an important influence on catching pastured horses. Certainly, further work is needed to better understand the role of eye contact in horse handling.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0737-0806	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4711
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	Author	Bednarz, J.C.
	Title	Cooperative Hunting Harris' Hawks (Parabuteo unicinctus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	239	Issue	4847	Pages	1525-1527
	Keywords
	Abstract	Coordinated hunting by several individuals directed toward the capture and sharing of one Large prey animal has been documented convincingly only for a few mammalian carnivores. In New Mexico, Harris' hawks formed hunting parties of two to six individuals in the nonbreeding season. This behavior improved capture success and the average energy available per individual enabled hawks to dispatch prey larger than themselves. These patterns suggest that cooperation is important to understanding the evolution of complex social behavior in higher vertebrates and, specifically, that benefits derived from team hunting a key factor in the social living of Harris' hawks.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.239.4847.1525			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4717
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	Author	Schmidt, D.
	Title	Information Resources in Animal Behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Science & Technology Libraries	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	69-83
	Keywords
	Abstract	The study of animal behavior has been around for many years, but it is divided into several fields which often do not communicate well. These fields of study include (but are not limited to) comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology, and sociobiology. Comparative psychology is more isolated than the other three fields, which share a common biological/evolutionary background. This paper gives a brief background of the four main fields of animal behavior research, along with a list of sources, both specialized and interdisciplinary.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Routledge	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0194-262x	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4725
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	Author	Rowe, M.L.; Goldin-Meadow, S.
	Title	Differences in Early Gesture Explain SES Disparities in Child Vocabulary Size at School Entry			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2009	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	323	Issue	5916	Pages	951-953
	Keywords
	Abstract	Children from low-socioeconomic status (SES) families, on average, arrive at school with smaller vocabularies than children from high-SES families. In an effort to identify precursors to, and possible remedies for, this inequality, we videotaped 50 children from families with a range of different SES interacting with parents at 14 months and assessed their vocabulary skills at 54 months. We found that children from high-SES families frequently used gesture to communicate at 14 months, a relation that was explained by parent gesture use (with speech controlled). In turn, the fact that children from high-SES families have large vocabularies at 54 months was explained by children's gesture use at 14 months. Thus, differences in early gesture help to explain the disparities in vocabulary that children bring with them to school.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1126/science.1167025			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4728
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