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	Author	Gosling, S.D.
	Title	*Personality dimensions in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	112	Issue	2	Pages	107-118
	Keywords	Animals; Carnivora/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Personality Assessment/statistics & numerical data; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Species Specificity; Temperament
	Abstract	Personality ratings of 34 spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) were made by 4 observers who knew the animals well. Analyses suggest that (a) hyena personality traits were rated with generally high reliability; (b) 5 broad dimensions (Assertiveness, Excitability, Human-Directed Agreeableness, Sociability, and Curiosity) captured about 75% of the total variance; (c) this dimensional structure could not be explained in terms of dominance status, sex, age, or appearance; and (d) as expected, female hyenas were more assertive than male hyenas. Comparisons with previous research provide evidence for the cross-species generality of Excitability, Sociability, and especially Assertiveness. Discussion focuses on methodological issues in research on animal personality and on the potential contributions this research can make for understanding the biological and environmental bases of personality.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1650, USA. samiam@uclink.berkeley.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:9642781			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5019
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	Author	Hall, C.A.; Cassaday, H.J.; Vincent, C.J.; Derrington, A.M.
	Title	Cone excitation ratios correlate with color discrimination performance in the horse (Equus caballus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	4	Pages	438-448
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Color Perception; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Horses; Photoreceptors, Vertebrate/*physiology
	Abstract	Six horses (Equus caballus) were trained to discriminate color from grays in a counterbalanced sequence in which lightness cues were irrelevant. Subsequently, the pretrained colors were presented in a different sequence. Two sets of novel colors paired with novel grays were also tested. Performance was just as good in these transfer tests. Once the horse had learned to select the chromatic from the achromatic stimulus, regardless of the specific color, they were immediately able to apply this rule to novel stimuli. In terms of the underlying visual mechanisms, the present study showed for the first time that the spectral sensitivity of horse cone photopigments, measured as cone excitation ratios, was correlated with color discrimination performance, measured as accuracy, repeated errors, and latency of approach.
	Address	School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, United Kingdom. carol.hall@ntu.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17115866			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1780
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	Author	Jones, J.E.; Antoniadis, E.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Kamil, A.C.
	Title	A comparative study of geometric rule learning by nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana), pigeons (Columba livia), and jackdaws (Corvus monedula)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	116	Issue	4	Pages	350-356
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Birds; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Learning/physiology; Mathematics; Random Allocation; Spatial Behavior/*physiology
	Abstract	Three avian species, a seed-caching corvid (Clark's nutcrackers; Nucifraga columbiana), a non-seed-caching corvid (jackdaws; Corvus monedula), and a non-seed-caching columbid (pigeons; Columba livia), were tested for ability to learn to find a goal halfway between 2 landmarks when distance between the landmarks varied during training. All 3 species learned, but jackdaws took much longer than either pigeons or nutcrackers. The nutcrackers searched more accurately than either pigeons or jackdaws. Both nutcrackers and pigeons showed good transfer to novel landmark arrays in which interlandmark distances were novel, but inconclusive results were obtained from jackdaws. Species differences in this spatial task appear quantitative rather than qualitative and are associated with differences in natural history rather than phylogeny.
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588-0118, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12539930			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	369
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	Author	Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R.
	Title	Imitation and affordance learning by pigeons (Columba livia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	117	Issue	4	Pages	414-419
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; Cues; Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Odors; Sound
	Abstract	The bidirectional control procedure was used to determine whether pigeons (Columba livia) would imitate a demonstrator that pushed a sliding screen for food. One group of observers saw a trained demonstrator push a sliding screen door with its beak (imitation group), whereas 2 other groups watched the screen move independently (possibly learning how the environment works) with a conspecific either present (affordance learning with social facilitation) or absent (affordance learning alone). A 4th group could not see the screen being pushed (sound and odor control). Imitation was evidenced by the finding that pigeons that saw a demonstrator push the screen made a higher proportion of matching screen pushes than observers in 2 appropriate control conditions. Further, observers that watched a screen move without a demonstrator present made a significantly higher proportion of matching screen pushes than would be expected by chance. Thus, these pigeons were capable of affordance learning.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-004, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14717643			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	234
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	Author	Lilienfeld, S.O.; Gershon, J.; Duke, M.; Marino, L.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	A preliminary investigation of the construct of psychopathic personality (psychopathy) in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	113	Issue	4	Pages	365-375
	Keywords	Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis/psychology; Ethology/methods; Female; Male; Observer Variation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales/standards; Reproducibility of Results; Sex Characteristics; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Although the construct of psychopathy has received considerable attention in humans, its relevance to other animals is largely unknown. We developed a measure of psychopathy for use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the Chimpanzee Psychopathy Measure (CPM), and asked 6 raters to complete this index on 34 chimpanzees. The CPM (a) demonstrated satisfactory interrater reliability and internal consistency; (b) exhibited marginally significant sex differences (males > females); (c) correlated positively with measures of extraversion, agreeableness, and observational ratings of agonism, sexual activity, daring behaviors, teasing, silent bluff displays, and temper tantrums, and negatively with observational ratings of generosity; and (d) demonstrated incremental validity above and beyond a measure of dominance. Although further validation of the CPM is needed, these findings suggest that the psychopathy construct may be relevant to chimpanzees.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. scott@ss.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10608560			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	193
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	Author	Parr, L.A.; Winslow, J.T.; Hopkins, W.D.; de Waal, F.B.
	Title	Recognizing facial cues: individual discrimination by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	47-60
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Facial Expression; Female; Macaca mulatta/psychology; Male; Mental Recall; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Perceptual Masking; *Social Perception; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Faces are one of the most salient classes of stimuli involved in social communication. Three experiments compared face-recognition abilities in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In the face-matching task, the chimpanzees matched identical photographs of conspecifics' faces on Trial 1, and the rhesus monkeys did the same after 4 generalization trials. In the individual-recognition task, the chimpanzees matched 2 different photographs of the same individual after 2 trials, and the rhesus monkeys generalized in fewer than 6 trials. The feature-masking task showed that the eyes were the most important cue for individual recognition. Thus, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys are able to use facial cues to discriminate unfamiliar conspecifics. Although the rhesus monkeys required many trials to learn the tasks, this is not evidence that faces are not as important social stimuli for them as for the chimpanzees.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Emory University. parr@rmy.emory.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10739311			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	191
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	Author	Rendall, D.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Proximate factors mediating “contact” calls in adult female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) and their infants			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	36-46
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Female; Maternal Behavior; Motivation; Orientation; Papio/psychology; Social Environment; Sound Spectrography; *Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	“Contact” calls are widespread in social mammals and birds, but the proximate factors that motivate call production and mediate their contact function remain poorly specified. Field study of chacma baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) revealed that contact barks in adult females were motivated by separation both from the group at large and from their dependent infants. A variety of social and ecological factors affect the probability of separation from either one or both. Results of simultaneous observations and a playback experiment indicate that the contact function of calling between mothers and infants was mediated by occasional maternal retrieval rather than coordinated call exchange. Mothers recognized the contact barks of their own infants and often were strongly motivated to locate them. However, mothers did not produce contact barks in reply unless they themselves were at risk of becoming separated from the group.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, USA. d.rendall@uleth.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10739310			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	695
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	Author	Schwab, C.; Huber, L.
	Title	*Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	3	Pages	169-175
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Awareness; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/psychology; Humans; Motivation; Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior
	Abstract	Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation.
	Address	Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16893253			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4961
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	Author	Soproni, K.; Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Dogs' (Canis familiaris) responsiveness to human pointing gestures*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	116	Issue	1	Pages	27-34
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/psychology; Female; Gestures; Male; *Recognition (Psychology); Species Specificity
	Abstract	In a series of 3 experiments, dogs (Canis familiaris) were presented with variations of the human pointing gesture: gestures with reversed direction of movement, cross-pointing, and different arm extensions. Dogs performed at above chance level if they could see the hand (and index finger) protruding from the human body contour. If these minimum requirements were not accessible, dogs still could rely on the body position of the signaler. The direction of movement of the pointing arm did not influence the performance. In summary, these observations suggest that dogs are able to rely on relatively novel gestural forms of the human communicative pointing gesture and that they are able to comprehend to some extent the referential nature of human pointing.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. krisztinasoproni@hotmail.com
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11926681			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4962
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	Author	Soproni, K.; Miklósi, A.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Comprehension of human communicative signs in pet dogs (Canis familiaris)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	115	Issue	2	Pages	122-126
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/psychology; Female; Humans; Male; Nonverbal Communication/psychology; Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior
	Abstract	On the basis of a study by D. J. Povinelli, D. T. Bierschwale, and C. G. Cech (1999), the performance of family dogs (Canis familiaris) was examined in a 2-way food choice task in which 4 types of directional cues were given by the experimenter: pointing and gazing, head-nodding (“at target”), head turning above the correct container (“above target”), and glancing only (“eyes only”). The results showed that the performance of the dogs resembled more closely that of the children in D. J. Povinelli et al.'s study, in contrast to the chimpanzees' performance in the same study. It seems that dogs, like children, interpret the test situation as being a form of communication. The hypothesis is that this similarity is attributable to the social experience and acquired social routines in dogs because they spend more time in close contact with humans than apes do, and as a result dogs are probably more experienced in the recognition of human gestures.
	Address	Department of Ethology, Budapest, Hungary. lavina@ludens.elte.hu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11459158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4963
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