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	Author	Podos, J.
	Title	Early perspectives on the evolution of behavior: Charles Otis Whitman and Oskar Heinroth			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1964	Publication	Ethology Ecology & Evolution (EEE)	Abbreviated Journal	Ethol Ecol Evol
	Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	467-480
	Keywords
	Abstract
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2293
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	Author	Humphrey, N. K.
	Title	The social function of intellect.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1976	Publication	Growing Points in Ethology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	303-317
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Cambridge University Press	Place of Publication	Cambridge	Editor	Bateson, P. P. G.; Hinde, R. A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5459
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Law, K.; Martinisi, V.
	Title	Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	273-283
	Keywords
	Abstract	Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	682
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.
	Title	Review of some research areas of applied and theoretical interest in domestic animal behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	111-119
	Keywords
	Abstract	There are numerous areas worthy of study in the field of domestic animal behavior or applied ethology. In this paper a few areas are offerred as particularly worthy of attention. These areas are worthwhile either because they have received little or no study and are of basic interest or because they have application to current problems of livestock production. The study of cat behavior falls in the former category. Neither the food and water sources, the reproductive success rate nor even the social interactions of cats in the large populations found in both rural and urban environments are known. Pigs as a species have already been the subjects of many behavior studies; nevertheless, there are still gaps in our knowledge of the underlying principles of swine behavior. The physiological basis of maternal behavior, for example, has not been studied in swine or in any domestic species. The sensory basis of udder location by the neonatal piglet deserves study also. Some aspects of olfactory and vocal communication of pigs have been studied, but only one of what may be a large number of pheromones of pigs has been chemically identified. The message conveyed by the vocal interactions between adult swine of the same sex is unknown, as is the role of facial and postural expressions in porcine communication. The two major problems of pig behavior under conditions of intensive livestock management are tail biting and reproductive failure. The application of behavioral techniques to these problems might help to attenuate those problems as well as broaden our understanding of normal pig behavior. Horse behavior has also been a relatively neglected field of study. Of particular interest is the significance of the flehmen gesture used by both mares and stallions in a variety of situations. Flehmen may be related to the function of the vomeronasal organ, but both observational and physiological studies should be performed to verify the hypothesis.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	508
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	Author	Partridge, B.L.
	Title	Internal dynamics and the interrelations of fish in schools			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Neuroethology, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Physiol Sensory Neural Behav Physiol
	Volume	144	Issue	3	Pages	313-325
	Keywords
	Abstract	The three-dimensional structure of schools of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the interactions between individuals over time were analyzed in 12,240 frames of videotape sampled at 2.7 Hz. Time series analyses of the interactions between identified individuals allowed testing of assumptions of anonymity vs. leadership in schools and investigation of the transfer of information between individuals by which collective decisions are made. Results include the following:1.Saithe match changes in both swimming direction and speed of their neighbors but correlations are greater for swimming speed. Average speed of the school does not greatly affect correlations between neighboring fish although the reaction latencies may be somewhat increased. As shown previously (Partridge et al. 1980) nearest neighbor distance (NND) decreases with increasing school velocity.2.Saithe simultaneously match the headings and swimming speeds of at least their first two nearest neighbors within the school (NN1 and NN2). Partialling out the correlation between a fish's neighbors demonstrates that a fish's correlation to his second nearest neighbor (NN2) is not simply a transitive function of mutual correlation between the NN1 and NN2.3.Several sources of individual variation in schooling performance were examined. In all respects except one, that of preferred positions within the school, saithe showed no individual differences, i.e., some were not “better schoolers” than others. Although fish in the school differed in length by up to a factor of 2.5, no size related effects in NND or nearest neighbor positioning were found.4.Single Linkage Cluster Analysis (SLCA) of the cross-correlations of fishs' swimming speeds and directions demonstrated quantitatively the existence of subgroups within schools if they contain more than 10-11 members. Subgroups acting more-or-less independently in terms of short term variations in speed and direction nonetheless remained within the school as a whole and were not often apparent to observers since members of one group interdigitated with those of another. How individuals know to which subgroup they belong remains unanswered.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2063
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	Author	Arnold Gw, G.A.
	Title	Ethogram of agonistic behaviour for thoroughbred horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	5-25
	Keywords
	Abstract	Social interactions between individual horses were observed in two herds each comprising a stallion and a number of mares. In one herd, the animals were observed whilst grazing and resting; in the other, nearest neighbours were recorded when the animals were grazing, and social interactions were noted when the animals were feeding on hay. In both herds, the horses showed marked preferences for the company of specific individuals when they were grazing. In one herd, the associations were mainly between individuals that had been associated prior to being put in the herd. In the other herd, this was not the case. A new statistic was produced for testing for specific company preference. In both herds, the stallion was dominant over all mares and never received any aggression. The complete social hierarchy could not be determined for the herd which was observed only when grazing because social contact was restricted to that within groups or pairs that associated together. In the herd to which hay was fed, a non-linear hierarchy existed. Statistics were produced to quantify both the general level of dominance of a horse and its specific dominance or subordination to every other horse. It is suggested that these statistics, and one for quantifying the general aggressiveness of a horse, could be widely used. A principal component analysis allowed the horses to be characterised socially according to aggressiveness, their attitude to other horses and their attractiveness to other horses.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	899
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	Author	Campitelli, S.; Carenzi, C.; Verga, M.
	Title	Factors which influence parturition in the mare and development of the foal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	7-14
	Keywords
	Abstract	Observations are reported of 127 foals born to 127 mares. In particular, comparisons are made between the mare's tendency to foal at night, the length of gestation, the weight of the foal and the weight of the foetal membrane, the time taken by the foal to attain a standing position and the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane and the age of the mare and the season. The new facts that emerge from the results are: (a) foals from middle-aged (6–11 years) mares are heavier; (b) variations of gestation length are related to the month of conception (just a trend, not a statistically significant result); (c) time for the foal to stand is related to the foal sex (females: 56.3 minutes; males 70.6 minutes, on average), and to the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane; (d) parturitions take place mainly (80%) during the hours of darkness. In spring, the percentage of night births (85%) is higher than in winter (78%).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	984
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	Author	Rubenstein D. I.,
	Title	Reproductive value and behavioral strategies: coming of age in monkeys and horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Perspectives in Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Perspect Ethol
	Volume	5	Issue		Pages	469-487
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1525
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	Author	Sato, S.
	Title	Leadership during actual grazing in a small herd of cattle			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	8	Issue	1-2	Pages	53-65
	Keywords
	Abstract	An understanding of patterns of leadership during grazing movements is important where the management of grazing cattle is concerned. This paper describes the leadership displayed by grazing cattle by recording the spatial relationship (grazing style) among herd members as the group progressed slowly through a field. Grazing style was divided into “A”, “B” and “C”, meaning following, independence and leading, respectively. The results revealed the following features: (1) the frequency distributions of grazing style and grazing formation used by the herd varied with the seasons; (2) the individual animal variation in grazing style did not fundamentally change with the seasons; (3) there was negative linear correlation between Styles A and C and between Styles A and B. The more any cow followed the grazing movement, the less likely it was to lead the grazing movement or to be independent. Styles C and B tended to be positively related; (4) high, medium and low ranking animals in social dominance showed tendencies to behave in Styles C, A and B, respectively; (5) grazing style and weight gain were not clearly related; (6) the cows that tended to lead, be independent or follow less, tended to get out of their paddocks. The observations suggested (1) that the leader-follower-independent relationship, although modified in each season, did not vary fundamentally, (2) that the active movement of high ranking animals and the independent movement of low ranking animals governed the voluntary formation in grazing, and (3) that as grazing cattle that behaved in a single group and did not escape from their paddock were much easier to manage, the grazing style that expressed these characteristics was one of the significant indices for management of grazing cattle.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2038
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	Author	Duncan, P.
	Title	Foal killing by stallions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	8	Issue	6	Pages	567-570
	Keywords
	Abstract	Feral horses live in social systems similar to those of some species in which infant killing has been reported (e.g. lions), but such behaviour has been reported neither in horses nor in any other ungulate. The results of interviews with owners of free-ranging horses (Camargue breed) are given which show that, though rare, infant killing occurs in this breed, and that it seems to be confined to male foals. It is argued that the observed behaviour cannot simply be considered as pathological, and that close attention should be paid to the possibility that it occurs in wild and feral equids.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-3762	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5260
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