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Dugatkin, L.A. |
| Title |
Winner and loser effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
583-587 |
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In the literature on dominance hierarchies, “winner” and “loser” effects usually are denned as an increased probability of winning at time T, bated on victories at time T-l, T-2, etc, and an increased probability of losing at time T, based on losing at T-1, T-2, etc., respectively. Despite some early theoretical work on winner and loser effects, these factors and how they affect the structure of dominance hierarchies have not been examined in detail. I developed a computer simulation to examine winner and loser effects when such effects are independent of one another (as well as when they interact) and when combatants assess each other's resource-holding power. When winner effects alone were important, a hierarchy in which all individuals held an unambiguous rank was found. When only loser effects were important, a dear alpha individual always emerged, but the rank of others in the group was often unclear because of the scarcity of aggressive interactions. Increasing winner effects for a given value of the loser effect increase the number of individuals with unambiguous positions in a hierarchy and the converse is true for increasing the value of the loser effect for a given winner effect Although winner and loser effects have been documented in a number of species, no study has documented both winner and loser effects (using some controlled, pairwise testing system) and the detailed nature of behavioral interactions when individuals are in groups. I hope the results of this model will spur such studies in the future. |
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10.1093/beheco/8.6.583 |
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759 |
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Dugatkin, L.A. |
| Title |
Tendency to inspect predators predicts mortality risk in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
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3 |
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2 |
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124-127 |
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Although predator inspection behavior in fishes has become a model system for examining game theoretical strategies such as Tit for Tat, the direct costs of inspection behavior have not been quantified. To begin quantifying such costs, I conducted an experiment that examined mortality due to predation as a function of predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Before being subjected to a “survivorship” experiment, guppies were assayed for their tendency to inspect a predator. Groups were then composed of six guppies that differed in their tendency to inspect. These groups were placed into a pool containing a predator, and survivorship of guppies with different inspection tendencies was noted 36 and 60 h later. Results indicate that individuals that display high degrees of inspection behavior suffer greater mortality than their noninspecting shoalmates. |
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10.1093/beheco/3.2.124 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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526 |
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Dugatkin, L.A. |
| Title |
Dynamics of the TIT FOR TAT strategy during predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1991 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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29 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
127-132 |
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One well-known solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the TIT FOR TAT strategy. This strategy has three “characteristics” associated with it. TIT FOR TAT is nice (cooperates on the first move of a game), retaliatory (plays defect against an individual that defected on the prior move), and forgiving (cooperates with an individual which has defected in the past but cooperates in the present). Predator inspection behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was examined in order to determine whether guppies displayed these three characteristics. Results indicate that while it can be quite difficult to translate the abstract concepts of niceness, retaliation, and forgiveness into measurable behaviors, the data support the hypothesis that guppies display the three characteristics associated with the TIT FOR TAT strategy. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2178 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Alfieri, M. |
| Title |
Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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28 |
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4 |
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243-246 |
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The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the “more cooperative” among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3397 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Earley, R.L. |
| Title |
Group fusion: the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in large groups |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
14 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
367-373 |
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We present the results of a series of computer simulations that examined the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in fused groups. These effects and their implications for hierarchy structure and aggressive interactions were first examined in small four-member groups. Subsequent to this, the two small groups were fused into a single larger group. Further interactions took place in this fused group, generating a new hierarchy. Our models demonstrate clearly that winner, loser, and bystander effects strongly influence both the structure and types of interactions that emerge from the fusion of smaller groups. Four conditions produced results in which the same general patterns were uncovered in pre- and postfusion groups: (1) winner effects alone, (2) bystander loser effects alone, (3) winner and bystander winner effects operating simultaneously, and (4) all four effects in play simultaneously. Outside this parameter space, hierarchy structure and the nature of aggressive interactions differed in pre- and postfusion groups. When only loser effects were in play, one of the two clear alphas from the prefused groups dropped in rank in the eight-member fused group. When bystander winner effects were in play, it was difficult to rank any of the eight individuals in the fused group, and players interacted almost exclusively with those that were not in their original four-member group. When loser and bystander loser effects operated simultaneously, two top-ranking individuals emerged in the fused groups, but the relative rank of the other players was difficult to assign. |
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10.1093/beheco/14.3.367 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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519 |
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Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J. |
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Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. |
| Volume |
4 |
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4 |
Pages |
289-292 |
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mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata |
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Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2181 |
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Eagle, N.; Pentland, A. |
| Title |
Eigenbehaviors: identifying structure in routine |
Type |
Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
| Volume |
63 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
1057-1066-1066 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
| Abstract |
Longitudinal behavioral data generally contains a significant amount of structure. In this work, we identify the structure inherent in daily behavior with models that can accurately analyze, predict, and cluster multimodal data from individuals and communities within the social network of a population. We represent this behavioral structure by the principal components of the complete behavioral dataset, a set of characteristic vectors we have termed eigenbehaviors. In our model, an individual’s behavior over a specific day can be approximated by a weighted sum of his or her primary eigenbehaviors. When these weights are calculated halfway through a day, they can be used to predict the day’s remaining behaviors with 79% accuracy for our test subjects. Additionally, we demonstrate the potential for this dimensionality reduction technique to infer community affiliations within the subjects’ social network by clustering individuals into a behavior space spanned by a set of their aggregate eigenbehaviors. These behavior spaces make it possible to determine the behavioral similarity between both individuals and groups, enabling 96% classification accuracy of community affiliations within the population-level social network. Additionally, the distance between individuals in the behavior space can be used as an estimate for relational ties such as friendship, suggesting strong behavioral homophily amongst the subjects. This approach capitalizes on the large amount of rich data previously captured during the Reality Mining study from mobile phones continuously logging location, proximate phones, and communication of 100 subjects at MIT over the course of 9 months. As wearable sensors continue to generate these types of rich, longitudinal datasets, dimensionality reduction techniques such as eigenbehaviors will play an increasingly important role in behavioral research. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5189 |
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Ferrari, M.C.O.; Capitania-Kwok, T.; Chivers, D.P. |
| Title |
The role of learning in the acquisition of threat-sensitive responses to predator odours |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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60 |
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4 |
Pages |
522-527 |
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The supposition that prey animals respond to a predator with an intensity that matches the risk posed by the predator is known as the threat-sensitive predator avoidance hypothesis. Many studies have provided support for this hypothesis; yet, few studies have attempted to determine how such abilities are acquired by prey species. In this study, we investigated whether fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) could learn to recognize an unknown predator (northern pike, Esox lucius) in such a way that they could match the intensity of their antipredator response with the threat posed by the predator. We exposed pike-naive minnows to conspecific alarm cues paired with either a high or low concentration of pike odor. The following day, both groups were tested for a response to either high or low concentration of pike odor alone. We found that minnows conditioned with alarm cues paired with a given concentration of pike odor subsequently responded with a higher intensity to higher concentrations of pike odor, and with a lower intensity to lower concentrations of pike odor. These results demonstrate that during a single conditioning trial, minnows learn the identity of the predator in a threat-sensitive manner. Minnows use predator odor concentrations that they experience in subsequent interactions to adjust the intensity of their antipredator behavior. © Springer-Verlag 2006. |
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Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Sask. S7N 5E2, Canada |
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Cited By (since 1996): 8; Export Date: 24 October 2008; Source: Scopus |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4620 |
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Fischhoff, I.; Dushoff, J.; Sundaresan, S.; Cordingley, J.; Rubenstein, D. |
| Title |
Reproductive status influences group size and persistence of bonds in male plains zebra (Equus burchelli) |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. |
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63 |
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7 |
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1035-1043-1043 |
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Biomedical and Life Sciences |
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Animal groups arise from individuals’ choices about the number, characteristics, and identity of associates. Individuals make these choices to gain benefits from their associations. As the needs of an individual change with its phenotype, so too we expect the nature of its associations to vary. In this paper, we investigate how the social priorities of male plains zebra (Equus burchelli) depend on reproductive state. An adult male is either a bachelor, and lacking mating access, or a stallion defending a harem. Multiple harems and bachelor males aggregate in larger herds. Herds frequently split and merge, affording males opportunities to change associates. Over a 4-year period, we sampled the herd associations in a population of 500–700 zebras. To isolate the effects of reproductive state on male social behavior, we account for potential confounding factors: changes in population size, grouping tendencies, and sampling intensity. We develop a generally applicable permutation procedure, which allows us to test the null hypothesis that social behavior is independent of male status. Averaging over all individuals in the population, we find that a typical bachelor is found in herds containing significantly more adults, bachelors, and stallions than the herds of a typical stallion. Further, bachelors’ bonds with each other are more persistent over time than those among stallions. These results suggest that bachelors form cohesive cliques, in which we may expect cooperative behaviors to develop. Stallion–stallion associations are more diffuse, and less conducive to long-term cooperation. |
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Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
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0340-5443 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5193 |
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Fischhoff, I.R.; Sundaresan, S.R.; Cordingley, J.; Rubenstein, D.I. |
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Habitat use and movements of plains zebra (Equus burchelli) in response to predation danger from lions |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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18 |
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4 |
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725-729 |
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Prey species must adapt their behavior to avoid predation. As a key prey item for lions (Panthera leo), plains zebras (Equus burchelli) were expected to respond to immediate threats posed by lions in their area. In addition, zebras were predicted to exhibit behavior tuned to reduce the potential for encounters with lions, by modifying their movement patterns in the times of day and habitats of greatest lion danger. We studied a population of approximately 600 plains zebra living in Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Kenya. We found that zebra abundance on or near a grassland patch was lower if lions had also been observed on that patch during the same day. Predation danger was highest in grassland habitat during the night, when lions were more active. Zebra sightings and global positioning system radio collar data indicated that zebras also reduced their use of grassland at night, instead using more woodland habitat. Zebras moved faster and took sharper turns in grassland at night. It is hypothesized that these more erratic movements assist zebras in avoiding detection or capture by lions. |
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10.1093/beheco/arm036 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4360 |
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