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Author Hunt, G.R.; Rutledge, R.B.; Gray, R.D. doi  openurl
  Title (up) The right tool for the job: what strategies do wild New Caledonian crows use? Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 307-316  
  Keywords Analysis of Variance; Animals; Comprehension; *Crows; Female; *Intelligence; Male; *Problem Solving; *Tool Use Behavior  
  Abstract New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides (NC crows) display sophisticated tool manufacture in the wild, but the cognitive strategy underlying these skills is poorly understood. Here, we investigate what strategy two free-living NC crows used in response to a tool-length task. The crows manufactured tools to extract food from vertical holes of different depths. The first tools they made in visits were of a similar length regardless of the hole depth. The typical length was usually too short to extract food from the deep holes, which ruled out a strategy of immediate causal inference on the first attempt in a trial. When the first tool failed, the crows made second tools significantly longer than the unsuccessful first tools. There was no evidence that the crows made the lengths of first tools to directly match hole depth. We argue that NC crows may generally use a two-stage heuristic strategy to solve tool problems and that performance on the first attempt in a trial is not necessarily the 'gold standard' for assessing folk physics.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. grhunt10@hotmail.com  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16941156 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2442  
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Author Zehnder, A.M.; Ramer, J.C.; Proudfoot, J.S. openurl 
  Title (up) The use of altrenogest to control aggression in a male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Abbreviated Journal J Zoo Wildl Med  
  Volume 37 Issue 1 Pages 61-63  
  Keywords Aggression/*drug effects; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Equidae/*physiology; Female; Horses; Male; Treatment Outcome; Trenbolone/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use  
  Abstract A male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) housed with two mares at the Indianapolis Zoo had a 9-yr history of intermittent aggressive behavior toward mares and other animals. Periods of separation allowed the mares time to heal after sustaining superficial bite wounds. On 26 March 2003, the male (890293) was started on altrenogest at a dosage of 19.8 mg orally once daily to allow reintroduction. The dosage was doubled (40 mg once a day) because of a perceived lack of response. Reintroduction to the mares occurred on 17 May 2003 with no signs of aggression noted. Treatment was reduced to 19.8 mg orally once a day and then discontinued. Altrenogest was restarted at 39.5 mg orally once a day because of the planned introduction of a new mare. There have been no major aggressive displays at this dosage of altrenogest and the dosage has recently been reduced following successful introduction of a new mare.  
  Address University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1042-7260 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17312816 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1772  
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Author Arluke, A. doi  openurl
  Title (up) The use of dogs in medical and veterinary training: understanding and approaching student uneasiness Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS Abbreviated Journal J Appl Anim Welf Sci  
  Volume 7 Issue 3 Pages 197-204  
  Keywords *Animal Experimentation; Animals; *Animals, Laboratory; Cadaver; Comprehension; Dogs; Education, Veterinary/*ethics/*methods; Humans; Massachusetts; Schools, Veterinary; Students, Medical/*psychology; Biomedical and Behavioral Research  
  Abstract  
  Address Tajen Institute of Technology, Taiwan. a.arluke@neu.edu  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1088-8705 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15498727; KIE: KIE Bib: animal experimentation Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2755  
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Author Visalberghi E; Trinca L doi  openurl
  Title (up) Tool use in capuchin monkeys: distinguishing between performing and understanding Type Journal Article
  Year 1989 Publication Primates Abbreviated Journal Primates  
  Volume 30 Issue Pages 511  
  Keywords Tool use – Cebus apella – Mental representation  
  Abstract A horizontal plexiglas tube containing a food-reward was presented to four naive tufted capuchins and suitable sticks were provided to push the reward out. Three monkeys out of four spontaneously used the tools and showed very different styles of solving the task. In more complex conditions, in which the sticks needed to be combined or actively modified in order to become effective, the monkeys were always successful; however, their performance was loaded with errors which did not disappear throughout the trials. Evidence of a difference between success in solving the problem and its understanding was found. This suggests that although capuchins can discover new means through active experimentation, they do not mentally represent the characteristics necessary for a tool to be effective, nor do they modify the tool appropriately beforehand. At this level, a major difference with chimpanzees emerges.  
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  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3047  
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Author Krueger, K.; Trager, L.; Farmer, K.; Byrne, R. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Tool Use in Horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2022 Publication Animals Abbreviated Journal Animals  
  Volume 12 Issue 15 Pages 1876  
  Keywords crowdsourcing; horse; innovation; mule; management; tool use  
  Abstract Tool use has not yet been confirmed in horses, mules or donkeys. As this subject is difficult to research with conventional methods, we used a crowdsourcing approach to gather data. We contacted equid owners and carers and asked them to report and video examples of â��unusualâ�� behaviour via a dedicated website. We also searched YouTube and Facebook for videos of equids showing tool use. From 635 reports, including 1014 behaviours, we found 20 cases of tool use, 13 of which were unambiguous in that it was clear that the behaviour was not trained, caused by reduced welfare, incidental or accidental. We then assessed (a) the effect of management conditions on tool use and (b) whether the animals used tools alone, or socially, involving other equids or humans. We found that management restrictions were associated with corresponding tool use in 12 of the 13 cases (p = 0.01), e.g., equids using sticks to scrape hay within reach when feed was restricted. Furthermore, 8 of the 13 cases involved other equids or humans, such as horses using brushes to groom others. The most frequent tool use was for foraging, with seven examples, tool use for social purposes was seen in four cases, and there was just one case of tool use for escape. There was just one case of tool use for comfort, and in this instance, there were no management restrictions. Equids therefore can develop tool use, especially when management conditions are restricted, but it is a rare occurrence.  
  Address  
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  Language Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title Animals  
  Series Volume 12 Series Issue 15 Edition  
  ISSN 2076-2615 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6695  
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Author Watanabe, S.; Troje, N.F. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Towards a “virtual pigeon”: a new technique for investigating avian social perception Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 9 Issue 4 Pages 271-279  
  Keywords Animals; Behavioral Research/instrumentation/methods; Columbidae/*physiology; Computer Graphics; *Computer Simulation; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Generalization (Psychology)/*physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/*physiology; Perceptual Masking/physiology; Rats; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; *Social Behavior; User-Computer Interface  
  Abstract The purpose of the present study is to examine the applicability of a computer-generated, virtual animal to study animal cognition. Pigeons were trained to discriminate between movies of a real pigeon and a rat. Then, they were tested with movies of the computer-generated (CG) pigeon. Subjects showed generalization to the CG pigeon, however, they also responded to modified versions in which the CG pigeon was showing impossible movement, namely hopping and walking without its head bobbing. Hence, the pigeons did not attend to these particular details of the display. When they were trained to discriminate between the normal and the modified version of the CG pigeon, they were able to learn the discrimination. The results of an additional partial occlusion test suggest that the subjects used head movement as a cue for the usual vs. unusual CG pigeon discrimination.  
  Address Department of Psychology, Keio University, Mita 2-15-45, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108, Japan. swat@flet.keio.ac.jp  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1435-9448 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:17024508 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2437  
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Author Güntürkün, O.; Kesch, S. doi  openurl
  Title (up) Visual lateralization during feeding in pigeons Type Journal Article
  Year 1987 Publication Behavioral Neuroscience Abbreviated Journal Behav. Neurosci.  
  Volume 101 Issue 3 Pages 433-435  
  Keywords use of right vs left eye, amount & accuracy of pecking in food discrimination task, homing pigeons, implications for lateralization of cerebral function  
  Abstract In a quasi-natural feeding situation, adult pigeons had to detect and consume 30 food grains out of about 1,000 pebbles of similar shape, size, and color within 30 s under monocular conditions. With the right eye seeing, the animals achieved a significantly higher discrimination accuracy and, consequently, a significantly higher proportion of grains grasped than with the left eye seeing. This result supports previous demonstrations of a left-hemisphere dominance for visually guided behavior in birds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  
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  Publisher US: American Psychological Association Place of Publication Editor  
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  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1939-0084(Electronic);0735-7044(Print) ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ 1987-30501-001 Serial 5588  
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Author Leadbeater, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (up) What evolves in the evolution of social learning? Type Journal Article
  Year 2015 Publication Journal of Zoology Abbreviated Journal J Zool  
  Volume 295 Issue 1 Pages 4-11  
  Keywords social learning; associative learning; social information use  
  Abstract Social learning is fundamental to social life across the animal kingdom, but we still know little about how natural selection has shaped social learning abilities on a proximate level. Sometimes, complex social learning phenomena can be entirely explained by Pavlovian processes that have little to do with the evolution of sociality. This implies that the ability to learn socially could be an exaptation, not an adaptation, to social life but not that social learning abilities have been left untouched by natural selection. I discuss new empirical evidence for associative learning in social information use, explain how natural selection might facilitate the associative learning process and discuss why such studies are changing the way that we think about social learning.  
  Address  
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  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 1469-7998 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 6015  
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Author Munoz-Sanz, A. openurl 
  Title (up) [Christopher Columbus flu. A hypothesis for an ecological catastrophe] Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica Abbreviated Journal Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin  
  Volume 24 Issue 5 Pages 326-334  
  Keywords Animals; Atlantic Islands; Birds; Chickens; Disease Outbreaks/*history; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Ecology; Europe/ethnology; History, 15th Century; Horses; Humans; Indians, South American; Influenza A virus/classification/genetics/pathogenicity; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/mortality/transmission; Models, Biological; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/history/veterinary/virology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Reassortant Viruses/genetics/pathogenicity; Species Specificity; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases/history/transmission/virology; Terminology; West Indies/epidemiology  
  Abstract When Christopher Columbus and his men embarked on the second Colombian expedition to the New World (1493), the crew suffered from fever, respiratory symptoms and malaise. It is generally accepted that the disease was influenza. Pigs, horses and hens acquired in Gomera (Canary Islands) traveled in the same ship. The pigs may well have been the origin of the flu and the intermediary hosts for genetic recombination of other viral subtypes. The Caribbean archipelago had a large population of birds, the natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus. In this ecological scenario there was a concurrence of several biological elements that had never before coexisted in the New World: pigs, horses, the influenza virus and humans. We propose that birds are likely to have played an important role in the epidemiology of the flu occurring on the second Colombian trip, which caused a fatal demographic catastrophe, with an estimated mortality of 90% among the natives.  
  Address Unidad de Patologia Infecciosa, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Servicio Extremeno de Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Espana. infectio@unex.es  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language Spanish Summary Language Original Title La gripe de Cristobal Colon. Hipotesis sobre una catastrofe ecologica  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0213-005X ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:16762260 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2624  
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Author Ziegler, W.H. openurl 
  Title (up) [Endocrinological studies in arterial hypertension. Search for phaeochromocytoma] Type Journal Article
  Year 1976 Publication Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift Abbreviated Journal Schweiz Med Wochenschr  
  Volume 106 Issue 34 Pages 1148-1150  
  Keywords Angiography; Blood Volume; Catecholamines/urine; Glucagon/diagnostic use; Histamine/diagnostic use; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension/*etiology; Methods; Pheochromocytoma/*complications/diagnosis; Tyramine/diagnostic use  
  Abstract Elevated urinary catecholamines and their metabolites are the only findings which confirm the presence of pheochromocytoma. This examination is of particular interest if carried out in urine produced after spontaneous hypertensive episodes. Pharmacologic tests when carried out under standard conditions have proven to be a reliable aid in cases of suspected pheochromocytoma. Roentgenographic studies, determination of local plasma catecholamine concentrations and blood volume control should be undertaken in these patients before surgical procedure.  
  Address  
  Corporate Author Thesis  
  Publisher Place of Publication Editor  
  Language German Summary Language Original Title Endokrinologische Untersuchungen bei arterieller Hypertonie. Suche nach Phaochromozytom  
  Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title  
  Series Volume Series Issue Edition  
  ISSN 0036-7672 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12561 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4047  
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