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	Author	Ulloa, A.; Gonzalez-Ceron, L.; Rodriguez, M.H.
	Title	Host selection and gonotrophic cycle length of Anopheles punctimacula in southern Mexico			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Mosq Control Assoc
	Volume	22	Issue	4	Pages	648-653
	Keywords	Animals; Anopheles/physiology; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Cattle; Female; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/physiology; Malaria/transmission; Mexico; Oviparity/physiology; Seasons; Time Factors; Vitellogenesis/physiology
	Abstract	The host preference, survival rates, and length of the gonotrophic cycle of Anopheles punctimacula was investigated in southern Mexico. Mosquitoes were collected in 15-day separate experiments during the rainy and dry seasons. Daily changes in the parous-nulliparous ratio were recorded and the gonotrophic cycle length was estimated by a time series analysis. Anopheles punctimacula was most abundant during the dry season and preferred animals to humans. The daily survival rate in mosquitoes collected in animal traps was 0.96 (parity rate = 0.86; gonotrophic cycle = 4 days). The length of gonotrophic cycle of 4 days was estimated on the base of a high correlation coefficient value appearing every 4 days. The minimum time estimated for developing mature eggs after blood feeding was 72 h. The proportion of mosquitoes living enough to transmit Plasmodium vivax malaria during the dry season was 0.35.
	Address	Centro de Investigacion de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Apartado Postal 537, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8756-971X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17304932			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1830
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	Author	Piccione, G.; Caola, G.; Refinetti, R.
	Title	Temporal relationships of 21 physiological variables in horse and sheep			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology	Abbreviated Journal	Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol
	Volume	142	Issue	4	Pages	389-396
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Glucose/physiology; Body Temperature/physiology; Circadian Rhythm/physiology; Female; Horses/physiology; Melatonin/blood/physiology; Motor Activity/physiology; Rectum/physiology; Sheep/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	Daily or circadian oscillation has been documented in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. Although individual variables have been studied in great detail, very few studies have been conducted on the temporal relationships between the rhythms of different variables. It is not known whether the circadian pacemaker generates each and every rhythm individually or whether most rhythms are simply derived from a few clock-controlled rhythms. As a first step in elucidating this issue, 21 physiological variables were recorded simultaneously in horse and sheep. The results indicated that, in both species, different variables exhibit different degrees of daily rhythmicity and reach their daily peaks at different times of the day. The variables exhibiting strongest rhythmicity were locomotor activity, rectal temperature, and plasma concentrations of melatonin and glucose. Comparison of rhythmicity and acrophase in the various rhythms allowed inferences to be made about mechanisms of causation.
	Address	Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Facolta di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-6433	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16290083			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1884
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	Author	Lewis, K.P.; Jaffe, S.; Brannon, E.M.
	Title	Analog number representations in mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz): evidence from a search task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	247-252
	Keywords	Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Lemuridae/*psychology; Male; Mathematics; Odors; Smell/physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	A wealth of data demonstrating that monkeys and apes represent number have been interpreted as suggesting that sensitivity to number emerged early in primate evolution, if not before. Here we examine the numerical capacities of the mongoose lemur (Eulemur mongoz), a member of the prosimian suborder of primates that split from the common ancestor of monkeys, apes and humans approximately 47-54 million years ago. Subjects observed as an experimenter sequentially placed grapes into an opaque bucket. On half of the trials the experimenter placed a subset of the grapes into a false bottom such that they were inaccessible to the lemur. The critical question was whether lemurs would spend more time searching the bucket when food should have remained in the bucket, compared to when they had retrieved all of the food. We found that the amount of time lemurs spent searching was indicative of whether grapes should have remained in the bucket, and furthermore that lemur search time reliably differentiated numerosities that differed by a 1:2 ratio, but not those that differed by a 2:3 or 3:4 ratio. Finally, two control conditions determined that lemurs represented the number of food items, and neither the odor of the grapes, nor the amount of grape (e.g., area) in the bucket. These results suggest that mongoose lemurs have numerical representations that are modulated by Weber's Law.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15660208			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2497
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	Author	Reichmuth Kastak, C.; Schusterman, R.J.
	Title	Long-term memory for concepts in a California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	225-232
	Keywords	Animals; Concept Formation; Female; Memory/physiology; Mental Processes; Sea Lions/physiology/psychology; Time Factors
	Abstract	An adult California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus) with extensive experience in performing discrimination learning tasks was tested to evaluate her long-term memory for two previously learned concepts. An associative concept, that of equivalence classification, was retested after a retention interval of approximately 1 year. The sea lion had originally shown emergent equivalence classification with nonsimilarity-based classes of stimuli in a simple discrimination repeated-reversal procedure as well as in a matching-to-sample procedure. The 1-year memory test revealed no decrement in classification performance in either procedure. A relational concept, that of generalized identity matching, was retested after approximately 10 years. The sea lion had originally received trial-and-error exemplar training with identity matching-to-sample problems prior to transferring the concept to novel stimulus configurations. In the 10-year memory test, the sea lion immediately and reliably applied the previously established identity concept to familiar and novel sets of matching problems. These are the first reports of long-term conceptual memory in a nonprimate species. The experimental findings are consistent with a variety of observations of sea lions in natural settings, which indicate that natal sites, feeding areas, and individuals may be remembered over long periods of time.
	Address	Long Marine Laboratory, University of California at Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. coll@cats.ucsc.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12461600			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2590
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	Author	Waite, T.A.
	Title	Interruptions improve choice performance in gray jays: prolonged information processing versus minimization of costly errors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	209-214
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Female; Learning; Male; Models, Biological; Motivation; Reinforcement Schedule; Songbirds/*physiology; Time Factors
	Abstract	Under the assumption that selection favors minimization of costly errors, erroneous choice may be common when its fitness cost is low. According to an adaptive-choice model, this cost depends on the rate at which an animal encounters the choice: the higher this rate, the smaller the cost of choosing a less valuable option. Errors should thus be more common when interruptions to foraging are shorter. A previous experiment supported this prediction: gray jays, Perisoreus canadensis, were more error prone when subjected to shorter delays to access to food rewards. This pattern, though, is also predicted by an attentional-constraints model. Because the subjects were able to inspect the rewards during delays, their improved performance when subjected to longer delays could have been a byproduct of the experimentally prolonged opportunity for information processing. To evaluate this possibility, a follow-up experiment manipulated both delay to access and whether rewards could be inspected during delays. Depriving jays of the opportunity to inspect rewards (using opaque lids) induced only a small, nonsignificant increase in error rate. This effect was independent of length of delay and so the jays' improved performance when subjected to longer delays was not simply a byproduct of prolonged information processing. More definitively, even when the jays were prevented from inspecting rewards during delays, their performance improved when subjected to longer delays. The findings are thus consistent with the adaptive-choice model.
	Address	Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1293, USA. waite.1@osu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12461598			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2592
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	Author	Boissevain, I.
	Title	[Animal and human rights in installments]			Type
	Year	2007	Publication	Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde	Abbreviated Journal	Tijdschr Diergeneeskd
	Volume	132	Issue	4	Pages	132
	Keywords	Animals; Clinical Competence/standards; Horse Diseases/diagnosis; Horses; Humans; Netherlands; Time Factors; Veterinary Medicine/methods/standards
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	Dutch	Summary Language		Original Title	Dierenrechten en mensenrechten in termijnen
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0040-7453	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17366876			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4018
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	Author	Bottoms, G.D.; Roesel, O.F.; Rausch, F.D.; Akins, E.L.
	Title	Circadian variation in plasma cortisol and corticosterone in pigs and mares			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	33	Issue	4	Pages	785-790
	Keywords	Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Corticosterone/blood; Female; Horses/metabolism; Hydrocortisone/blood; Methods; Swine/*metabolism; Time Factors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5017871			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4074
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	A model of social grooming among adult female monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1977	Publication	Journal of Theoretical Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Theor. Biol.
	Volume	65	Issue	4	Pages	671-698
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Grooming; Haplorhini/physiology; *Models, Biological; Reproduction; Social Dominance; Time Factors
	Abstract	Grooming networks among adult female monkeys exhibit two similar features across a number of different species. High-ranking animals receive more grooming than others, and the majority of grooming occurs between females of adjacent rank. A theoretical model which duplicates these features is presented, and the properties of the model are used to explain the possible causation and function of female grooming behaviour. The model illustrates how relatively simple principles governing the behaviour of individuals may be used to explain more complex aspects of the social structure of non-human primate groups.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5193	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:406485			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5259
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	Author	Christensen, J.W.; Rundgren, M.; Olsson, K.
	Title	Training methods for horses: habituation to a frightening stimulus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	439-443
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology); Fear; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses/physiology/psychology; Learning; Male; Random Allocation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Safety; Time Factors
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Responses of horses in frightening situations are important for both equine and human safety. Considerable scientific interest has been shown in development of reactivity tests, but little effort has been dedicated to the development of appropriate training methods for reducing fearfulness. OBJECTIVES: To investigate which of 3 different training methods (habituation, desensitisation and counter-conditioning) was most effective in teaching horses to react calmly in a potentially frightening situation. HYPOTHESES: 1) Horses are able to generalise about the test stimulus such that, once familiar with the test stimulus in one situation, it appears less frightening and elicits a reduced response even when the stimulus intensity is increased or the stimulus is presented differently; and 2) alternative methods such as desensitisation and counter-conditioning would be more efficient than a classic habituation approach. METHODS: Twenty-seven naive 2-year-old Danish Warmblood stallions were trained according to 3 different methods, based on classical learning theory: 1) horses (n = 9) were exposed to the full stimulus (a moving, white nylon bag, 1.2 x 0.75 m) in 5 daily training sessions until they met a predefined habituation criterion (habituation); 2) horses (n = 9) were introduced gradually to the stimulus and habituated to each step before the full stimulus was applied (desensitisation); 3) horses (n = 9) were trained to associate the stimulus with a positive reward before being exposed to the full stimulus (counter-conditioning). Each horse received 5 training sessions of 3 min per day. Heart rate and behavioural responses were recorded. RESULTS: Horses trained with the desensitisation method showed fewer flight responses in total and needed fewer training sessions to learn to react calmly to test stimuli. Variations in heart rate persisted even when behavioural responses had ceased. In addition, all horses on the desensitisation method eventually habituated to the test stimulus whereas some horses on the other methods did not. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Desensitisation appeared to be the most effective training method for horses in frightening situations. Further research is needed in order to investigate the role of positive reinforcement, such as offering food, in the training of horses.
	Address	Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Tjele, Denmark
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16986605			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1783
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	Author	Clayton, H.M.
	Title	Development of conditioning programs for dressage horses based on time-motion analysis of competitions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	74	Issue	5	Pages	2325-2329
	Keywords	Animals; Horses/physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports; Statistics; Time Factors; Time and Motion Studies; Videotape Recording
	Abstract	The time-motion characteristics of Canadian basic- and medium-level dressage competitions are described, and the results are applied in formulating sport-specific conditioning programs. One competition was analyzed at the six levels from basic 1 to medium 3. Each test was divided into a series of sequences based on the type and speed of activity. The durations of the sequences were measured from videotapes. The basic-level tests had fewer sequences, and they were shorter in distance and duration than the medium tests (P < 0.10), but the average speed did not differ between the two levels. It is recommended that horses competing at the basic levels be conditioned using 5-min exercise periods, with short (10-s) bursts of lengthened trot and canter included at basic 2 and above. In preparation for medium-level competitions, the duration of the work periods increases to 7 min, 10- to 12-s bursts of medium or extended trot and canter are included, and transitions are performed frequently to simulate the energy expenditure in overcoming inertia.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8335563			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3750
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