Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database -- Query Results

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Author	Arnold, W.; Ruf, T.; Kuntz, R.
Title	Seasonal adjustment of energy budget in a large wild mammal, the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) II. Energy expenditure			Type	Journal Article
Year	2006	Publication	The Journal of experimental biology	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Biol
Volume	209	Issue	Pt 22	Pages	4566-4573
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/physiology; Male; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons
Abstract	Many large mammals show pronounced seasonal fluctuations of metabolic rate (MR). It has been argued, based on studies in ruminants, that this variation merely results from different levels of locomotor activity (LA), and heat increment of feeding (HI). However, a recent study in red deer (Cervus elaphus) identified a previously unknown mechanism in ungulates--nocturnal hypometabolism--that contributed significantly to reduced energy expenditure, mainly during late winter. The relative contribution of these different mechanisms to seasonal adjustments of MR is still unknown, however. Therefore, in the study presented here we quantified for the first time the independent contribution of thermoregulation, LA and HI to heart rate (f(H)) as a measure of MR in a free-roaming large ungulate, the Przewalski horse or Takhi (Equus ferus przewalskii Poljakow). f(H) varied periodically throughout the year with a twofold increase from a mean of 44 beats min(-1) during December and January to a spring peak of 89 beats min(-1) at the beginning of May. LA increased from 23% per day during December and January to a mean level of 53% per day during May, and declined again thereafter. Daily mean subcutaneous body temperature (T(s)) declined continuously during winter and reached a nadir at the beginning of April (annual range was 5.8 degrees C), well after the annual low of air temperature and LA. Lower T(s) during winter contributed considerably to the reduction in f(H). In addition to thermoregulation, f(H) was affected by reproduction, LA, HI and unexplained seasonal variation, presumably reflecting to some degree changes in organ mass. The observed phase relations of seasonal changes indicate that energy expenditure was not a consequence of energy uptake but is under endogenous control, preparing the organism well in advance of seasonal energetic demands.
Address	Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria. walter.arnold@vu-wien.ac.at
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0022-0949	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:17079726			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	1782
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Author	Berger, J.
Title	Induced abortion and social factors in wild horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	1983	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
Volume	303	Issue	5912	Pages	59-61
Keywords	Abortion, Induced/veterinary; Abortion, Veterinary/etiology; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Horses/physiology; Humans; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology
Abstract	Much evidence now suggests that the postnatal killing of young in primates and carnivores, and induced abortions in some rodents, are evolved traits exerting strong selective pressures on adult male and female behaviour. Among ungulates it is perplexing that either no species have developed convergent tactics or that these behaviours are not reported, especially as ungulates have social systems similar to those of members of the above groups. Only in captive horses (Equus caballus) has infant killing been reported. It has been estimated that 40,000 wild horses live in remote areas of the Great Basin Desert of North America (US Department of Interior (Bureau of Land Management), unpublished report), where they occur in harems (females and young) defended by males. Here I present evidence that, rather than killing infants directly, invading males induce abortions in females unprotected by their resident stallions and these females are then inseminated by the new males.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:6682487			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4365
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Author	Gilbert, B.K.; Hailman, J.P.
Title	Uncertainty of leadership-rank in fallow deer			Type	Journal Article
Year	1966	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
Volume	209	Issue	5027	Pages	1041-1042
Keywords	Animals; Artiodactyla; Behavior, Animal; Female; Leadership; Pregnancy
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0028-0836	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:5927524			Approved	no
Call Number				Serial	2057
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Author	Keiper, R.; Houpt, K.
Title	Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study			Type	Journal Article
Year	1984	Publication	American journal of veterinary research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
Volume	45	Issue	5	Pages	991-995
Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia
Abstract	The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:6732036			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	665
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Author	Houpt, K.A.; Eggleston, A.; Kunkle, K.; Houpt, T.R.
Title	Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology			Type	Journal Article
Year	2000	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
Volume	32	Issue	4	Pages	341-344
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins/analysis; Energy Intake; Female; Horse Diseases/physiopathology; Horses/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Pregnancy; Stress/veterinary; Video Recording; Water Deprivation/*physiology
Abstract	Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8.3 kg in 3 weeks. Daily blood samples were analysed; osmolality rose significantly with increasing water restriction from 282 +/- 0.7 mosmols/kg to 293.3 +/- 0.8 mosmols/kg bwt, but plasma protein and PCV did not change significantly. Cortisol concentrations fell from 8.1 ng/ml to 6.4 ng/ml over the 3 week period. Aldosterone fell from 211.3 +/- 74.2 pg/ml to 92.5 +/- 27.5 pg/ml at the end of the first week. The behaviour of 4 of the 6 mares was recorded 24 h/day for the duration of the study. The only significant difference was in time spent eating, which decreased with increasing water restriction from 46 +/- 3% to 30 +/- 3%. It is concluded that water restriction to 4 l/100 kg bwt dehydrates pregnant mares and may diminish their welfare, but is not life- or pregnancy-threatening.
Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:10952384			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	32
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Author	Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, A.
Title	Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses			Type	Journal Article
Year	2003	Publication	Journal of applied animal welfare science : JAAWS	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Anim Welf Sci
Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	301-308
Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Animals, Wild/physiology; Birth Rate; Case-Control Studies; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/veterinary; Egg Proteins/administration & dosage; Female; Horses/physiology; Maryland/epidemiology; Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage; Population Control; Pregnancy; Receptors, Cell Surface; *Reproduction; Seasons; Vaccines, Contraceptive/administration & dosage
Abstract	Despite a large body of safety data, concern exists that porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) immunocontraception--used to manage wild horse populations--may cause out-of-season births with resulting foal mortality. Our study at Assateague, Maryland indicated the effects of immunocontraception on season of birth and foal survival between 1990 and 2002 on wild horses from Assateague Island. Among 91 mares never treated, 69 (75.8%) of foals were born in April, May, and June (in season). Among 77 treated mares, 50 (64.9%) were born in season. Of 29 mares foaling within 1 year after treatment (contraceptive failures), 20 (68.9%) were born in season. Of 48 mares treated for greater than 2 years then withdrawn from treatment, 30 (62.5%) of 48 foals were born in season. There were no significant differences (p <.05) between either treatment group or untreated mares. Survival did not differ significantly among foals born in or out of season or among foals born to treated or untreated mares. Data indicate a lack of effect of PZP contraception on season of birth or foal survival on barrier island habitats.
Address	Science and Conservation Center Zoo Montana, Billings, Montana 59106, USA. jkirkpatrick@montana.net
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	1088-8705	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:14965784			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	140
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Author	Collery, L.
Title	Observations of equine animals under farm and feral conditions			Type	Journal Article
Year	1974	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
Volume	6	Issue	4	Pages	170-173
Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Breeding; Circadian Rhythm; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology; Housing, Animal; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Puberty; Reproduction; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Social Dominance
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:4473340			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	680
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Author	Hostikka, S.L.; Eddy, R.L.; Byers, M.G.; Hoyhtya, M.; Shows, T.B.; Tryggvason, K.
Title	Identification of a distinct type IV collagen alpha chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome			Type	Journal Article
Year	1990	Publication	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume	87	Issue	4	Pages	1606-1610
Keywords	Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Collagen/genetics; Epitopes/analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Library; Genes; Humans; Immunoblotting; Kidney/cytology/metabolism; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Sequence Data; Nephritis, Hereditary/genetics; Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/immunology; Placenta/metabolism; Pregnancy; Restriction Mapping; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; *X Chromosome
Abstract	We have identified and extensively characterized a type IV collagen alpha chain, referred to as alpha 5(IV). Four overlapping cDNA clones isolated contain an open reading frame for 543 amino acid residues of the carboxyl-terminal end of a collagenous domain, a 229-residue carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous domain, and 1201 base pairs coding for a 3' untranslated region. The collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat sequence has five imperfections that coincide with those in the corresponding region of the alpha 1(IV) chain. The noncollagenous domain has 12 conserved cysteine residues and 83% and 63% sequence identity with the noncollagenous domains of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains, respectively. The alpha 5(IV) chain has less sequence identity with the putative bovine alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains. Antiserum against an alpha 5(IV) synthetic peptide stained a polypeptide chain of about 185 kDa by immunoblot analysis and immunolocalization of the chain in human kidney was almost completely restricted to the glomerulus. The gene was assigned to the Xq22 locus by somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. This may be identical or close to the locus of the X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome that is believed to be a type IV collagen disease.
Address	Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0027-8424	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:1689491			Approved	no
Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5291
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Author	Shaw, E.B.; Houpt, K.A.; Holmes, D.F.
Title	Body temperature and behaviour of mares during the last two weeks of pregnancy			Type	Journal Article
Year	1988	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
Volume	20	Issue	3	Pages	199-202
Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Temperature; Circadian Rhythm; Eating; Female; Horses/physiology; Labor, Obstetric/physiology; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/*physiology
Abstract	Average daily core body temperature and behavioural patterns of pregnant mares were studied, in search of definitive signs of parturition within 24 h of the event. Nineteen pony mares were sampled twice daily for core body temperature. A significant temperature drop, averaging 0.1 degrees C (0.2 degrees F) was observed during the day prior to parturition. Between 18.00 h and 06.00 h, during the two weeks before parturition, Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares (n = 52) spent an average 66.8 per cent of their time standing, 27.0 per cent eating, 4.9 per cent lying in sternal recumbency, 1.0 per cent lying in lateral recumbency, and 0.3 per cent walking. On the night before parturition, mares spent significantly less time lying in sternal recumbency than on previous nights and on the night of parturition all behaviour patterns except eating were significantly different from the nights of the two weeks before parturition. There was an increase in walking (5.3 per cent), lying in sternal recumbency (8 per cent) and lying in lateral recumbency (5.3 per cent) whereas standing (53.3 per cent) was decreased. In 58 observed pregnancies, 54 mares (97 per cent) foaled in a recumbent position and 50 mares (86 per cent) foaled between 18.00 h and 06.00 h.
Address	Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3402416			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	46
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Author	Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Houpt, K.A.
Title	Maternal behavior			Type	Journal Article
Year	1986	Publication	The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
Volume	2	Issue	3	Pages	557-571
Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Wild; Female; Horses; Lactation; Maternal Behavior; Pregnancy; *Pregnancy, Animal; Rejection (Psychology)
Abstract	Parturition in mares is rapid and is followed by a brief period of sensitivity to imprinting on a foal. There is large individual variation in normal maternal style, but normal mothers actively defend their foal, remain near the foal when it is sleeping, tolerate or assist nursing, and do not injure their own foal. Disturbance of a mare and foal during the early imprinting period can predispose a mare to rejection of her foal; therefore, it should be avoided. There are a variety of forms of foal rejection and numerous etiologies. Therefore, each case should be evaluated individually.
Address
Corporate Author				Thesis
Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
Area		Expedition		Conference
Notes	PMID:3492245			Approved	no
Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	49
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