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	Author	Gallup, G.G.J.
	Title	Do minds exist in species other than our own?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1985	Publication	Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Neurosci Biobehav Rev
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	631-641
	Keywords	Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal; Child Psychology; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Consciousness; Evolution; Humans; Infant; Language; Pan troglodytes; Philosophy; Psychological Theory; Species Specificity
	Abstract	An answer to the question of animal awareness depends on evidence, not intuition, anecdote, or debate. This paper examines some of the problems inherent in an analysis of animal awareness, and whether animals might be aware of being aware is offered as a more meaningful distinction. A framework is presented which can be used to make a determination about the extent to which other species have experiences similar to ours based on their ability to make inferences and attributions about mental states in others. The evidence from both humans and animals is consistent with the idea that the capacity to use experience to infer the experience of others is a byproduct of self-awareness.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0149-7634	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4080281			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2808
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	Author	Poti, P.
	Title	Chimpanzees' constructional praxis (Pan paniscus, P. troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	46	Issue	2	Pages	103-113
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Spatial Behavior/*physiology; Species Specificity
	Abstract	This study investigated chimpanzees' spontaneous spatial constructions with objects and especially their ability to repeat inter-object spatial relations, which is basic to understanding spatial relations at a higher level than perception or recognition. Subjects were six chimpanzees-four chimpanzees and two bonobos-aged 6-21 years, all raised in a human environment from an early age. Only minor species differences, but considerable individual differences were found. The effect of different object samples was assessed through a comparison with a previous study. A common overall chimpanzee pattern was also found. Chimpanzees repeated different types of inter-object spatial relations such as insertion (I), or vertical (V), or next-to (H) relations. However chimpanzees repeated I or V relations with more advanced procedures than when repeating H relations. Moreover, chimpanzees never repeated combined HV relations. Compared with children, chimpanzees showed a specific difficulty in repeating H relations. Repeating H relations is crucial for representing and understanding multiple reciprocal spatial relations between detached elements and for coordinating independent positions in space. Therefore, the chimpanzees' difficulty indicates a fundamental difference in constructive space in comparison to humans. The findings are discussed in relation to issues of spatial cognition and tool use.
	Address	Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, CNR, via U. Aldrovandi 16b, 00197, Rome, Italy. p.poti@istc.cnr.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15378424			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2811
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	Author	Cohen, J.
	Title	Animal behavior. The world through a chimp's eyes			Type
	Year	2007	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	316	Issue	5821	Pages	44-45
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Culture; Memory; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior; Tool Use Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17412932			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2832
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Pennisi, E.
	Title	Are out primate cousins 'conscious'?			Type
	Year	1999	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	284	Issue	5423	Pages	2073-2076
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cebus; Consciousness; Empathy; Humans; Instinct; Intelligence; Learning; Mental Processes; Pan troglodytes; Primates
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10409060			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2843
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	Author	Palagi, E.; Cordoni, G.; Borgognini Tarli, S.
	Title	Possible roles of consolation in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	American Journal of Physical Anthropology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Phys Anthropol
	Volume	129	Issue	1	Pages	105-111
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Zoo/physiology; Empathy; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/physiology; *Social Behavior; Stress/physiopathology/veterinary
	Abstract	Empathy is a necessary prerequisite for the occurrence of consolation. The term “consolation” contains a hypothesis about function, which is distress alleviation. The present study aims to confirm the occurrence of consolation in captive chimpanzees via the post-conflict/matched-control method (PC-MC) and to suggest its possible roles. We collected 273 PC-MC pairs in the group of Pan troglodytes housed in the ZooParc de Beauval (France). We confirmed the presence of consolatory contacts (mean level of consolation, 49.5% +/- 22.3% SEM) in the colony. Consolation rates were significantly higher than reconciliation levels (mean level of reconciliation, 28.9% +/- 16.8% SEM). The level of consolation was greater in the absence of reconciliation than in the presence of it, suggesting that consolation might be an alternative behavior. As friendship and relatedness did not influence the occurrence of consolation, they did not seem to be the best prerequisites for this behavioral mechanism, at least in this chimpanzee colony. Affinitive contacts with third parties were significantly more frequent when the victim called attention to itself during severe aggressions by screaming. These high-pitched sounds seem to be useful in eliciting aid from conspecifics, as occurs in young humans. The occurrence of consolation reduced the likelihood of further attacks among group-members. From this perspective, both victims and consolers most likely gain potential advantages by interacting with each other when aggression is particularly severe, reconciliation is not immediate, and consequently social stress reaches high levels.
	Address	Centro Interdipartimentale Museo di Storia Naturale e del Territorio, Universita di Pisa, 56010 Calci, Italy. betta.palagi@museo.unipi.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9483	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16229027			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2871
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	Author	Koski, S.E.; Koops, K.; Sterck, E.H.M.
	Title	Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	69	Issue	2	Pages	158-172
	Keywords	Animals; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The “integrated hypothesis” links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict.
	Address	Department of Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. s.e.koski@bio.uu.nl
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17146788			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2872
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	Author	Kutsukake, N.; Castles, D.L.
	Title	Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	157-165
	Keywords	Agonistic Behavior; Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Observation; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Tanzania; Time Factors
	Abstract	This study investigated post-conflict (PC) behavior among wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the M-group in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania, and examined what types of behavior characterize the PC situation in this group, and the factors that influence the occurrence of PC affiliation between opponents soon after the end of an aggressive conflict (i.e., reconciliation). We found that the opponents affiliated selectively soon after the end of aggression, suggesting that reconciliation occurred in this group. The mean individual corrected conciliatory tendency (CCT) (Veenema et al. 1994 in Behav Proc 31:29-38) was 14.4%, which is similar to or lower than frequencies observed in studies of captive and wild chimpanzees. The valuable relationship hypothesis predicts that the CCT is higher among individuals who share valuable relationships (e.g., males or affiliative dyads) than among individuals who do not (e.g., females or less-associative dyads). However, the analysis based on data for aggression between unrelated individuals (including one incident between an adult and non-adult) and aggression between unrelated adults, did not uncover this difference. Affiliation by a previously uninvolved individual with the victim (“consolation”) and with the aggressor (“appeasement”) occurred more frequently following aggression than in the control condition. The results are compared with previous studies of captive and wild chimpanzees.
	Address	Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. kutsu@darwin.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15114477			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2883
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	Author	Fuentes, A.; Malone, N.; Sanz, C.; Matheson, M.; Vaughan, L.
	Title	Conflict and post-conflict behavior in a small group of chimpanzees			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	43	Issue	3	Pages	223-235
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; *Social Behavior
	Abstract	Chimpanzee research plays a central role in the discussions of conflict negotiation. Reconciliation, or the attraction and affiliation of former opponents following conflict, has been proposed as a central element of conflict negotiation in chimpanzees and various other taxa. In an attempt to expand the database of chimpanzee conflict resolution, conflict and post-conflict behavior were recorded for a small group of socially housed chimpanzees at the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute, at Central Washington University. Data were collected over six 6-week periods between 1997 and 2000, for a total of 840 hours of observation, resulting in a substantial post-conflict (PC) and matched control (MC) data set. The data demonstrate this group's tendencies to maintain visual contact and closer proximity after conflicts. Dyadic corrected conciliatory tendencies ranged between 0 – 37.5% and averaged 17.25% across all dyads. Individual corrected conciliatory tendencies ranged between 5.8 and 32%. The results of this study combined with recent publications on captive and free-ranging chimpanzee post-conflict behavior suggest that variation in post-conflict behavior may be important to our understanding of chimpanzee conflict negotiation, and may also have implications for the design and management of captive chimpanzee enclosures and social groups, respectively.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-5639, USA. anthro@nd.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0032-8332	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12145403			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	2885
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Hopkins, W.D.; Taglialatela, J.P.; Leavens, D.A.
	Title	Chimpanzees differentially produce novel vocalizations to capture the attention of a human			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	281-286
	Keywords	acoustic signals; chimpanzee; cognition; Pan troglodytes; vocal communication
	Abstract	Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, produce numerous species-atypical signals when raised in captivity. We examined contextual elements of the use of two of these vocal signals, the `raspberry' and the extended grunt. Our results demonstrate that these vocalizations are not elicited by the presence of food, but instead function as attention-getting signals. These findings reveal a heretofore underappreciated category of animal signals: attention-getting sounds produced in novel environmental circumstances. The invention and use of species-atypical signals, considered in relation to group differences in signalling repertoires in apes in their natural habitats, may index a generative capacity in these hominoid species without obvious corollary in other primate species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2889
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	Author	Previc, F.H.
	Title	Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	American Journal of Physical Anthropology	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Phys Anthropol
	Volume	118	Issue	4	Pages	402-3; discussion 404-5
	Keywords	Animals; Humans; Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis
	Abstract
	Address	Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9483	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12124921			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4108
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