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Ward, C.; Trisko, R.; Smuts, B.B. |
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Title |
Third-party interventions in dyadic play between littermates of domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris |
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2009 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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78 |
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5 |
Pages |
1153-1160 |
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Canis lupus familiaris; domestic dog; littermates; play; social development; third-party interventions |
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Interventions occur when animals interfere in competitive interactions between two or more individuals. Interveners can alter the nature of the ongoing interaction by targeting one party (attacking, biting) and supporting the other. Three theories have been proposed to account for intervention behaviour: kin selection, reciprocity and direct benefits. The kin selection hypothesis predicts that interveners will selectively support relatives over nonrelatives; the reciprocity hypothesis predicts that when intervener [`]A' supports individual [`]B', later [`]B' will intervene and support [`]A'; and the direct benefits hypothesis predicts that target/support patterns should serve the immediate interests of the intervener. We tested the reciprocity and direct benefits hypotheses by exploring third-party interventions in play fighting among littermates of domestic dogs. Interveners in dyadic play did not preferentially target or support preferred playmates of the intervener. Interveners targeted the dog in the losing role at the time of the intervention, and they did not show reciprocity in support. Taken together, these last two findings suggest that littermates benefit directly and use interventions opportunistically to practise offence behaviours directed at littermates already behaving subordinately. Opportunities to practise targeting in a playful setting may help structure dominance relationships among littermates. Additionally, the tendency for puppies to do what the other is doing (target the dog in the losing role) may pave the way for synchronizing cooperative behaviours during group hunting and territorial defence. The types of behaviours used to intervene changed over development, but the outcome following an intervention remained stable. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5090 |
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Author |
Yang, S. |
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Title |
Melioidosis research in China |
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2000 |
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Acta Tropica |
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Acta Trop |
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77 |
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2 |
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157-165 |
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Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity; China/epidemiology; Cross Reactions; Glanders/immunology/microbiology; Horses; Humans; *Melioidosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Virulence |
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Research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in China for more than two decades. It has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei. The cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the Hainan and Zhanjiang peninsula. Investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susceptibility, whole cell analysis by gas chromatography, and genetics have led to a new understanding of the pathology of the disease. Immunological cross reactions between Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei and the difference between melioidosis and glanders in horses is discussed. |
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Medical Research Institute, Yan-Ling (510507), Dongguanzhuang Road 91, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. songyangch@hotmail.com |
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English |
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0001-706X |
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PMID:11080506 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2649 |
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Mitani, J.C. |
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Title |
Male chimpanzees form enduring and equitable social bonds |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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77 |
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3 |
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633-640 |
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chimpanzee; Pan troglodytes; social behaviour; social relationship |
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Controversy exists regarding the nature of primate social relationships. While individual primates are frequently hypothesized to form enduring social bonds with conspecifics, recent studies suggest that relationships are labile, with animals interacting only over short periods to satisfy their immediate needs. Here I use data collected over 10 years on a community of chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, to investigate whether male chimpanzees establish long-term social relationships and to determine the factors that affect variation in relationship quality and the stability of social bonds. Kinship and dominance rank influenced the quality of relationships. Maternal brothers and males of the same dominance rank class groomed each other more equitably than did unrelated males and males that were dissimilar in rank. In addition, males that formed strong social bonds groomed more equitably than did males that displayed weaker bonds. Social bonds were stable over time, with relationships in one year predicting those in subsequent years. Kinship and the quality of social relationships affected bond stability. Maternal half siblings and males that groomed each other equitably maintained longer-lasting bonds than did nonkin and males that groomed each other unevenly. Virtually all of the males established at least one enduring relationship with another individual. The most enduring bonds formed between a few pairs of maternal brothers and dyads that maintained balanced grooming interactions. These results indicate that male chimpanzees maintain long-lasting and equitable social bonds whose formation is affected by maternal kinship and the quality of social relationships. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5164 |
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Hausberger, M.; Muller, C. |
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A brief note on some possible factors involved in the reactions of horses to humans |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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76 |
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4 |
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339-344 |
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Horses; Aggressiveness; Behavioural reactions; Human-animal relationship |
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In order to investigate relationships of adult horses to humans, we developed a simple evaluation test and scores based on observations. The first reactions of 224 adult horses to the presence of an experimenter were observed and scored. All these horses belonged to the same riding school, had the same general housing conditions and were all geldings. The evaluation was based on the horse's posture. Individual differences that could be related to some extent to the breed but also to human factors emerged clearly. French saddlebreds showed more often friendly behaviour than Angloarabs, whereas thoroughbreds were more indifferent. Clear variations occurred between groups of horses that depended on different caretakers. In this school, one caretaker is responsible for the whole daily management of a group of horses and is probably a very important factor in their well-being. The effects of this daily relation to a human seemed to be involved in the reactions to a strange person. Further studies are required to investigate what, in practice, may be determinant. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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329 |
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Patris, B.; Perrier, G.; Schaal, B.; Coureaud, G. |
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Title |
Early development of filial preferences in the rabbit: implications of nursing- and pheromone-induced odour learning? |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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76 |
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2 |
Pages |
305-314 |
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learning; mammary pheromone; mother-young relationship; Oryctolagus cuniculus; rabbit; recognition |
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Newborn rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, discriminate between different categories of adult conspecifics on the basis of their abdominal odour cues. Whether these cues can support the development of filial preferences has not been adequately tested. Using a two-choice paradigm, we assessed the ability of 3-8-day-old pups to orient selectively to the mother versus an unfamiliar female, either spontaneously or after odour conditioning. In experiment 1, nonconditioned pups roamed indifferently over the mother and an unfamiliar female. In experiment 2, pups conditioned to a neutral odorant while nursing or with the mammary pheromone became attracted by the odorant. In experiment 3, pups that had learned the odorant while nursing oriented for longer to any female carrying it, but the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female were equally attractive. Finally, in experiment 4, pups that had learned the odorant paired with the mammary pheromone showed a preference for their scented mother, but not systematically for a scented unfamiliar female; furthermore, they were equally attracted by the unscented mother and a scented unfamiliar female. In sum, pups did not spontaneously evince an olfactory preference for the mother when opposed to an unfamiliar female, although they seemed able to detect individual maternal odours. In fact, they appeared to react to both species-specific cues and individual cues that they had learned, and their responses depended on their degree of familiarity with the cues and on the context. The mammary pheromone by itself might act as both a releasing and a reinforcing signal in these early socially oriented behaviours. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4646 |
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Author |
Palagi, E.; Antonacci, D.; Norscia, I. |
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Title |
Peacemaking on treetops: first evidence of reconciliation from a wild prosimian (Propithecus verreauxi) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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76 |
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3 |
Pages |
737-747 |
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conflict resolution; good relationships; lemur; Madagascar; Propithecus verreauxi; valuable relationship hypothesis; Verreaux's sifaka |
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Reconciliation is defined as the first postconflict affinitive contact between former opponents. While reconciliation in anthropoid primates has been widely investigated, few studies have focused on postconflict mechanisms in prosimians, and only in captivity. Unlike anthropoids, Malagasy prosimians show female dominance, lack of sexual dimorphism and seasonal breeding. However, they share features with anthropoids such as cohesive societies, female philopatry and individual recognition. Comparing social prosimians with anthropoids is crucial for understanding the evolution of reconciliation dynamics. Here we present the first study on reconciliation in a wild prosimian. We focused on the Propithecus verreauxi (sifaka) of the Berenty forest (southern Madagascar). We examined postconflict behaviour in the light of theoretical expectations based on potential costs and benefits of the individuals involved. Our results indicate that P. verreauxi can evaluate possible risks and benefits of engaging in postconflict reunions. Victims were most likely to interact affinitively with the aggressor after low-intensity aggression. Moreover, only the conflicts occurring outside the feeding context were reconciled. Such results are consonant with the fact that, in P. verreauxi, social dominance is translated more into feeding priority than into a framework of despotic relationships. In agreement with the valuable relationship hypothesis, P. verreauxi were more likely to reconcile with valuable partners: reconciliation preferentially occurred between subordinates and top-ranking individuals, and between animals sharing good relationships (high levels of affinitive behaviours). Over the short term, reconciliation in P. verreauxi seems to have an important role in reducing the probability of further attacks by the aggressor. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4693 |
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Author |
Griffin, A.S. |
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Social learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis: the role of distress calls |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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75 |
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1 |
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79-89 |
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Acridotheres tristis; distress vocalizations; head saccades; Indian mynah; predator avoidance learning; social learning |
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Socially acquired predator avoidance is a phenomenon in which individuals acquire an avoidance response towards an initially neutral stimulus after they have experienced it together with the antipredator signals of social companions. Earlier research has established that alarm calls used for intraspecific communication are effective stimuli for triggering acquisition. However, animals produce a large range of other antipredator responses that might engage antipredator learning. Here, I examine the effects of conspecific distress calls, a signal that is produced by birds when restrained by a predator, and that appears to be directed towards predators, rather than conspecifics, on predator avoidance learning in Indian mynahs, Acridotheres tristis. Distress calls reflect high levels of alarm in the caller and should, therefore, mediate robust learning. Experiment 1 revealed that subjects performed higher rates of head movements in response to a previously unfamiliar avian mount after it had been presented simultaneously with playbacks of conspecific distress vocalizations. Experiment 2 revealed that increased rates of head saccades resembled the spontaneous response evoked by a novel stimulus more closely than it resembled the response evoked by a perched raptor, suggesting that distress calls inculcated a visual exploratory response, rather than an antipredator response. While it is usually thought that the level of acquisition in learners follows a simple relationship with the level of alarm shown by demonstrators, the present results suggest that this relationship may be more complex. Antipredator signals with different functions may have differential effects on learners. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4696 |
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Author |
Schwab, C.; Bugnyar, T.; Schloegl, C.; Kotrschal, K. |
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Enhanced social learning between siblings in common ravens, Corvus corax |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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75 |
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2 |
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501-508 |
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affiliation; cognition; common raven; Corvus corax; siblings; social learning; social relations |
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It has been suggested that social dynamics affect social learning but empirical support for this idea is scarce. Here we show that affiliate relationships among kin indeed enhance the performance of common ravens, Corvus corax, in a social learning task. Via daily behavioural protocols we first monitored social dynamics in our group of captive young ravens. Siblings spent significantly more time in close proximity to each other than did nonsiblings. We subsequently tested birds on a stimulus enhancement task in model-observer dyads composed of both siblings and nonsiblings. During demonstration the observer could watch the model manipulating one particular object (target object) in an adjacent room. After removing the model, the observer was confronted with five different objects including the former target object. Observers from sibling dyads handled the target object for significantly longer periods of time as compared with the other four available objects, whereas observers from nonsibling dyads did not show a preference for the target object. Also, siblings matched the model's decision to cache or not to cache objects significantly more often than did nonsiblings. Hence, siblings were likely to attend to both, the behaviour of the model (caching or noncaching) and object-specific details. Our results support the hypothesis that affiliate relations between individuals affect the transmission of information and may lead to directed social learning even when spatial proximity has been experimentally controlled for. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5300 |
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Rybarczyk, P.; Koba, Y.; Rushen, J.; Tanida, H.; de Passille, A.M. |
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Can cows discriminate people by their faces? |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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74 |
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3 |
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175-189 |
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Dairy cows; Human-animal relationships; Discrimination; Learning; Facial recognition; Operant conditioning |
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This experiment examines the cues used by cattle to discriminate between people, particularly the role played by facial cues. We trained and tested eight Holstein cows 5 days each week for 2 months. For each cow, we used two people, a rewarder and a non-rewarder, of different size and dressed in overalls of the same colour. The operant chamber was a large box within which stood the two people. The cow could see, smell and touch each person. A lever was placed in front of each person. When the cow pushed the lever in front of the rewarder, it received 75 g of concentrate and nothing when it pushed on the other one. For each test session, the cows made 10 choices. The placement of the people was determined randomly according to the Gellerman series. The success criterion was defined as at least eight correct choices out of 10 trials for two consecutive sessions (binomial law P<0.003). During the shaping, seven cows out of eight learned to press the lever to obtain the food. The cows were then tested in a series of 10 trials with only the rewarder present. Seven out of seven cows succeeded in reaching the success criterion. In experiment 1, both the rewarder and the non-rewarder were present and standing upright at normal height and in full view of the cow. Five out of seven cows achieved the success criterion. In experiment 2, the cows could see only the faces of the two people. None of the cows were able to reach the success criterion. In experiment 3, both people were present standing up and wearing identical masks that completely covered their heads. Five cows out of five achieved the success criterion. In experiment 4, we changed the relative height of the people. Five cows out of five succeeded when the two people stood so they were of equal height but with their faces visible. However, no cows succeeded when the people were both of equal height and had their faces covered. This study suggests that cows seem to use multiple cues to discriminate between people. Cows appear able to use either body height or the face to discriminate between people but use of the face alone is more difficult when the cows cannot see the rest of the body. |
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Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L. |
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Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses: Part II. Factors affecting affiliative relationships and sexual behaviours |
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2006 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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73 |
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3 |
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231-239 |
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Horse; Equus; Affiliative relationship; Rank; Kinship; Aggressiveness |
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The influence of age, dominance rank, kinship and aggressiveness over affiliative relationships and sexual behaviours were analysed in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, kept under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old that had known each other since birth, and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding for the first time. Kinship coefficient and dominance rank were the most important factors affecting affiliative relationships. Bonds were reciprocal and stronger among mares with higher kinship. Mares spent more time in proximity to close-ranking and lower-ranking females. Mares with stronger affiliative relationships or higher relatedness were not less aggressive towards each other. Affiliative relationships between the stallion and the mares were not reciprocal: lower-ranking mares formed stronger bonds with the stallion but he preferred the less genetically related mares for proximity. However, the stallion was involved in sexual behaviours more frequently with the mares that were more genetically related to him. These results suggest that kinship beyond close relatives may affect affiliative relationships both among familiar and among unfamiliar horses. However, the influence of kinship does not imply that horses possess a kin recognition system and alternative explanations are discussed. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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