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Gray, E.R.; Spetch, M.L. |
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Title |
Pigeons Encode Absolute Distance but Relational Direction From Landmarks and Walls |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes |
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32 |
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4 |
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474-480 |
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spatial cognition; absolute distance; relational direction; landmark configurations |
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In recent studies, researchers have examined animals' use of absolute or relational distances in finding a hidden goal. When trained with an array of landmarks, most animals use the default strategy of searching at an absolute distance from 1 or more landmarks. In contrast, when trained in enclosures, animals often use the relationship among walls. In the present study, pigeons were trained to find the center of an array of landmarks or a set of short walls that did not block external cues. Expansion tests showed that both groups of pigeons primarily used an absolute distance strategy. However, on rotational tests, pigeons continued to search in the center of the array, suggesting that direction was learned in relation to array. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2894 |
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Kristiansen, K.K.; Kold, S.E. |
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Title |
Multivariable analysis of factors influencing outcome of 2 treatment protocols in 128 cases of horses responding positively to intra-articular analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
39 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
150-156 |
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Keywords |
Analgesia/methods/*veterinary; Anesthesia, Local/methods/veterinary; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use; Female; Foot Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/*veterinary; Glycosaminoglycans/therapeutic use; Horse Diseases/*drug therapy/prevention & control; Horses; Injections, Intra-Articular/*veterinary; Joint Diseases/drug therapy/prevention & control/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/drug therapy/prevention & control; Male; Methylprednisolone/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use; Multivariate Analysis; Pain/prevention & control/veterinary; Retrospective Studies; Time Factors; *Toe Joint/drug effects/pathology; Treatment Outcome |
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is limited knowledge available of factors influencing response to treatments of the DIP-joint in horses with lameness responding to diagnostic analgesia of the DIP-joint. For this reason a multivariable statistical analysis was performed. HYPOTHESIS: Horses with lameness reduced by > or = 75% 10 min after intra-articular analgesia of the DIP-joint, can be treated successfully by intra-articular medication of the joint. Multiple factors influence the response to treatment. METHODS: The study was performed retrospectively based on clinical records of horses treated with either polysulphated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) or methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) in the DIP-joint between January 1996 and January 2003. Information was collected from clinical records and from the owners of the horses via a detailed questionnaire, in which they described their perception of the outcome a minimum of one year after treatment. Allocation of the horses to the 2 treatment groups was done mainly because of a change in treatment policy. In Regime A all horses received 3 intra-articular injections of PSGAG approximately 8 days apart, whereas in Regime B all horses received a single intra-articular injection of MPA as a first treatment. If the horse did not improve sufficiently to return to work by 4 weeks, a series of 3 intra-articular PSGAG injections was administered. RESULTS: Of the horses receiving Regime A, 67% had a successful outcome, compared with 46% of the group receiving Regime B. A significantly better result was obtained in dressage horses than in jumping horses (eventing and showjumping). Other variables such as age, duration of lameness, distribution of lameness, degree of lameness, response to DIP-joint analgesia and radiographic observations were also associated with success of treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: There is a rationale for using either PSGAG or MPA intra-articularly in the treatment of lameness, reduced > or = 75% within 10 min of analgesia of the DIP-joint. |
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Willesley Equine Clinic Ltd., Tetbury, Gloucestershire, GL8 8QU UK |
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0425-1644 |
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PMID:17378444 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3707 |
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Herholz, C.P.; Gerber, V.; Tschudi, P.; Straub, R.; Imhof, A.; Busato, A. |
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Title |
Use of volumetric capnography to identify pulmonary dysfunction in horses with and without clinically apparent recurrent airway obstruction |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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64 |
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3 |
Pages |
338-345 |
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Keywords |
Aging; Airway Obstruction/*complications/diagnosis/*veterinary; Animals; Capnography/*methods/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Lung Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/*veterinary; Male; Predictive Value of Tests |
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether volumetric capnography indices could be used to differentiate between horses without recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and horses with RAO that were in clinical remission or that had clinically apparent RAO. ANIMALS: 70 adult Swiss Warmblood horses (20 used for pleasure riding and 50 used for dressage or show jumping). PROCEDURE: Horses were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of history, clinical signs, results of endoscopy, and cytologic findings (group 1, 21 healthy horses; group 2, 22 horses with RAO that were in remission; group 3, 16 horses with mild RAO; group 4, 11 horses with exacerbated RAO). Expiratory volume and CO2 curves were recorded by use of a computerized ultrasonic spirometer. Volumetric capnograms were plotted, and derived indices were calculated. RESULTS: Dead-space volume (VD) was calculated by use of the Bohr equation (VD(Bohr)) and for physiologic VD (VD(phys)). Ratios for VD(Bohr) to expiratory tidal volume (VT) and VD(phys) to V(T) as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were significantly different among groups of horses. Age and use of the horses also significantly affected volumetric capnography indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ratios of VD(Bohr) to VT and VD(phys) to VT as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were sufficiently sensitive measures to distinguish between healthy horses and horses with RAO in remission. To optimize the ability of volumetric capnography indices to differentiate among horses in heterogeneous populations, it is important to account for effects of age and specific use of the horses. |
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Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Langgasstr 124, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:12661875 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3724 |
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Author |
Gulotta, M.; Rogatsky, E.; Callender, R.H.; Dyer, R.B. |
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Title |
Primary folding dynamics of sperm whale apomyoglobin: core formation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Biophysical Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biophys J |
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Volume |
84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
1909-1918 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Apoproteins/*chemistry; Crystallography/*methods; Horses; Myocardium/chemistry; Myoglobin/*chemistry; Protein Conformation; *Protein Folding; Species Specificity; Structure-Activity Relationship; Temperature; Whales |
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Abstract |
The structure, thermodynamics, and kinetics of heat-induced unfolding of sperm whale apomyoglobin core formation have been studied. The most rudimentary core is formed at pH(*) 3.0 and up to 60 mM NaCl. Steady state for ultraviolet circular dichroism and fluorescence melting studies indicate that the core in this acid-destabilized state consists of a heterogeneous composition of structures of approximately 26 residues, two-thirds of the number involved for horse heart apomyoglobin under these conditions. Fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation studies show that there is only one process involved in Trp burial. This occurs in 20 micro s for a 7 degrees jump to 52 degrees C, which is close to the limits placed by diffusion on folding reactions. However, infrared temperature jump studies monitoring native helix burial are biexponential with times of 5 micro s and 56 micro s for a similar temperature jump. Both fluorescence and infrared fast phases are energetically favorable but the slow infrared absorbance phase is highly temperature-dependent, indicating a substantial enthalpic barrier for this process. The kinetics are best understood by a multiple-pathway kinetics model. The rapid phases likely represent direct burial of one or both of the Trp residues and parts of the G- and H-helices. We attribute the slow phase to burial and subsequent rearrangement of a misformed core or to a collapse having a high energy barrier wherein both Trps are solvent-exposed. |
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Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA. gulotta@aecom.yu.edu |
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0006-3495 |
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PMID:12609893 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3783 |
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Meershoek, L.S.; Schamhardt, H.C.; Roepstorff, L.; Johnston, C. |
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Title |
Forelimb tendon loading during jump landings and the influence of fence height |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
33 |
Pages |
6-10 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/injuries/physiology; Horses/injuries/*physiology; Lameness, Animal/etiology; Ligaments, Articular/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Tendon Injuries/complications/physiopathology/veterinary; Tendons/*physiology; Weight-Bearing/physiology |
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Abstract |
Lameness in athletic horses is often caused by forelimb tendon injuries, especially in the interosseus tendon (TI) and superficial digital flexor tendon (SDF), but also in the accessory ligament (AL) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDF). In an attempt to explain the aetiology of these injuries, the present study investigated the loading of the tendons during landing after a jump. In jumping horses, the highest forces can be expected in the trailing limb during landing. Therefore, landing kinematics and ground reaction forces of the trailing forelimb were measured from 6 horses jumping single fences with low to medium heights of 0.80, 1.00 and 1.20 m. The tendon forces were calculated using inverse dynamics and an in vitro model of the lower forelimb. Calculated peak forces in the TI, SDF and DDF + AL during landing were 15.8, 13.9 and 11.7 kN respectively. The relative loading of the tendons (landing forces compared with failure forces determined in a separate study) increased from DDF to TI to SDF and was very high in SDF. This explains the low injury incidence of the DDF and the high injury incidence of the SDF. Fence height substantially influenced SDF forces, whereas it hardly influenced TI forces and did not influence AL strain. Reduction of fence height might therefore limit the risks for SDF injuries, but not for TI and AL injuries. |
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Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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PMID:11721571 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3786 |
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Author |
Steinhoff, H.J.; Schrader, J.; Schlitter, J. |
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Title |
Temperature-jump studies and polarized absorption spectroscopy of methemoglobin-thiocyanate single crystals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
Publication |
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta |
Abbreviated Journal |
Biochim Biophys Acta |
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1121 |
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3 |
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269-278 |
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Animals; Crystallization; Horses; Kinetics; Methemoglobin/*chemistry; Solutions; Spectrum Analysis; Temperature; Thiocyanates/*chemistry |
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Abstract |
Association equilibria and association kinetics of the thiocyanate binding reaction to methemoglobin in single crystals and solution are studied using temperature-jump technique and polarized absorption spectroscopy. Different kinetic constants are found for the reaction in solution and crystal phase for the alpha- and beta-subunits of the methemoglobin tetramer. The reduction of the reactivity of the alpha- and beta-subunits in crystalline phase is 6-fold and 2.4-fold, respectively, compared to the values found in solution. The intramolecular binding reaction of the N epsilon of the distal histidine E7 which is observed in methemoglobin in solution cannot be detected in single crystals. Our results suggest that crystallization of hemoglobin has little influence on small-scale structural fluctuations which are necessary for ligands to get to the binding sites and large-scale structural motions are suppressed. |
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Institut fur Biophysik, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany |
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0006-3002 |
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PMID:1627604 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3800 |
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Author |
Steinhoff, H.J. |
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Title |
A continuous wave laser T-jump apparatus and its application to chemical reactions in hemoglobin single crystals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Biochem Biophys Methods |
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Volume |
15 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
319-330 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Chemistry; Crystallization; *Heat; *Hemoglobins; Horses/blood; *Lasers; Methemoglobin; Solutions; Thermodynamics; Thiocyanates |
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Abstract |
A laser temperature jump apparatus is constructed where the T-jump is achieved by means of the direct absorption of continuous laser radiation of low intensity by a solid sample. The final temperature in the irradiated volume element is reached when the absorbed radiation power equals the dissipation of heat by heat conduction. The time range from the beginning of irradiation to the stationary state depends on the geometry of the irradiated volume element and is less than 10 ms. The heating laser beam is simultaneously used to detect the relaxation to the new chemical equilibrium in the sample. Relaxation processes with relaxation rates between 10(2) s-1 and less than 10(-3) s-1 on samples with volumes less than 10(-3) mm3 may be investigated using this T-jump method. One application of this method is the determination of reaction rates of ligand reactions in hemoglobin single crystals. Rate constants obtained for the reaction of thiocyanate with crystallized horse methemoglobin are presented. |
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Institut fur Biophysik, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, F.R.G |
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0165-022X |
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PMID:3379245 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
3804 |
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Author |
Kingston, J.K.; Soppet, G.M.; Rogers, C.W.; Firth, E.C. |
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Title |
Use of a global positioning and heart rate monitoring system to assess training load in a group of thoroughbred racehorses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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Volume |
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Issue |
36 |
Pages |
106-109 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; Female; *Geographic Information Systems; Heart Rate/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic/veterinary; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*physiology; Satellite Communications; Telemetry/methods/*veterinary |
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Training is an important variable for determining athletic success. Nonetheless, there has been minimal scientific evaluation of racehorse training programmes. Training of racehorses focuses on running the horses at certain speeds using a combination of a stopwatch and rider's 'feel' for a horse's work intensity. Consequently, actual work intensity for individual horses is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVES: To 1) utilise a combined global positioning system (GPS) and heart rate monitor system to quantify training intensity and physiological responses of a group of racehorses undergoing training and racing; and 2) compare the workload measured by the GPS to that timed and recorded daily by a racehorse trainer. METHODS: Nineteen racehorses age 3 years were followed through a traditional training and racing programme over a 4 month period. Daily GPS and heart rate data together with the trainer's timing and distance data were collected while the horses were trained. Data were analysed using an ANOVA for repeated measures. RESULTS: The combined GPS/heart rate monitoring system detected different heart rate responses in individual horses subjected to the same training workouts. The average speeds detected with the GPS system were in agreement with average speeds timed by the trainer. However, peak speeds reached during training were significantly greater (P<0.05) than those estimated with stopwatch timing. The horses average training speeds increased significantly over the duration of the training period. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The results from this study show that a GPS/heart rate monitor system provides a reliable measure of daily workload in horses during training. This technology provides a detailed picture of horses' training sessions and has the potential to provide a greater insight into the types of training that may predispose horses to injury. |
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Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
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PMID:17402402 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4014 |
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Author |
Hebenbrock, M.; Due, M.; Holzhausen, H.; Sass, A.; Stadler, P.; Ellendorff, F. |
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Title |
A new tool to monitor training and performance of sport horses using global positioning system (GPS) with integrated GSM capabilities |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
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Volume |
112 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
262-265 |
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Animals; Heart Rate; Horses/*physiology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; Population Surveillance; *Satellite Communications; Telemetry/methods/*veterinary |
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Abstract |
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are considered suitable to monitor the position and velocity of horses during cross-country competition or in training. Furthermore, simultaneous recording of life data such as heart rate could be useful to assess the horse's condition during exercise. To test the suitability and reliability of a commercially available GPS system with integrated heart rate recording system and with built in GSM for data transmission, the Fidelak Equipilot Type EP-2003-15/G-2.11 (EP-15/G) was evaluated first for reliability of pulse recording from a pulse generator within the physiological range of horses; furthermore distance, velocity and heart rate recordings were carried out on a standard 1000 m field track with five repetitions. Agreement (% deviation from actually measured distance and from stopwatch-distance based velocity calculations) and variability (Coefficient of Variation for distance, velocity, heart rate) were calculated. From the results it was safe to assume that the heart rate sensor recorded horse heart rates at a high degree of accuracy. Overall distances and velocities are in high agreement with actually measured values. However, overall variability expressed in terms of relative variability (C.V.) is smaller for distance recording (C.V. 0.68%) when compared to velocity (C.V. 1.01%). The system tested is suitable and reliable for simultaneously recording of distance, velocity and heart rates for horses during cross country exercise. GPS-based monitoring of movement along with simultaneous recording of physiological data and the possibility to call upon data will not only be of benefit for training horses or for surveillance during competition, it may also be suitable for distant patient monitoring and in behavioural studies as well as in veterinary medicine in general. |
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Institute for Animal Breeding Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Neustadt, Germany |
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0341-6593 |
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PMID:16124700 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4035 |
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Author |
Ziegler, W.H. |
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Title |
[Endocrinological studies in arterial hypertension. Search for phaeochromocytoma] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Schweiz Med Wochenschr |
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106 |
Issue |
34 |
Pages |
1148-1150 |
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Keywords |
Angiography; Blood Volume; Catecholamines/urine; Glucagon/diagnostic use; Histamine/diagnostic use; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hypertension/*etiology; Methods; Pheochromocytoma/*complications/diagnosis; Tyramine/diagnostic use |
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Elevated urinary catecholamines and their metabolites are the only findings which confirm the presence of pheochromocytoma. This examination is of particular interest if carried out in urine produced after spontaneous hypertensive episodes. Pharmacologic tests when carried out under standard conditions have proven to be a reliable aid in cases of suspected pheochromocytoma. Roentgenographic studies, determination of local plasma catecholamine concentrations and blood volume control should be undertaken in these patients before surgical procedure. |
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Publisher |
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Place of Publication |
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Editor |
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Language |
German |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Endokrinologische Untersuchungen bei arterieller Hypertonie. Suche nach Phaochromozytom |
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Series Editor |
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Series Title |
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Abbreviated Series Title |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0036-7672 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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Notes |
PMID:12561 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4047 |
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