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	Author	Kralj-Fiser, S.; Scheiber, I.B.R.; Blejec, A.; Moestl, E.; Kotrschal, K.
	Title	Individualities in a flock of free-roaming greylag geese: behavioral and physiological consistency over time and across situations			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Hormones and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Horm Behav
	Volume	51	Issue	2	Pages	239-248
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Corticosterone/metabolism; Feces; Female; Geese/physiology; Individuality; Male; Personality/physiology; Population Density; Reproducibility of Results; Seasons; Social Behavior; Social Environment; Testosterone/*metabolism
	Abstract	The concept of personality implies individual differences in behavior and physiology that show some degree of repeatability/consistency over time and across contexts. Most studies of animal personality, particularly studies of individuals' variation in physiological mechanisms, have been conducted on selected individuals in controlled conditions. We attempted to detect consistent behaviors as well as physiological patterns in greylag ganders (Anser anser) from a free-roaming flock living in semi-natural conditions. We tested 10 individuals repeatedly, in a handling trial, resembling tests for characterization of “temperaments” in captive animals. We recorded the behavior of the same 10 individuals during four situations in the socially intact flock: (1) a “low density feeding condition”, (2) a “high density feeding condition”, (3) a “low density post-feeding situation” and (4) while the geese rested. We collected fecal samples for determination of excreted immuno-reactive corticosterone (BM) and testosterone metabolites (TM) after handling trials, as well as the “low density feeding” and the “high density feeding” conditions. BM levels were very highly consistent over the repeats of handling trials, and the “low density feeding condition” and tended to be consistent over the first two repeats of the “high density feeding condition”. Also, BM responses tended to be consistent across contexts. Despite seasonal variation, there tended to be inter-test consistency of TM, which pointed to some individual differences in TM as well. Aggressiveness turned out to be a highly repeatable trait, which was consistent across social situations, and tended to correlate with an individual's resistance during handling trials. Also, “proximity to the female partner” and “sociability” – the average number of neighboring geese in a close distance while resting – were consistent. We conclude that aggressiveness, “affiliative tendencies” and levels of excreted corticosterone and testosterone metabolites may be crucial factors of personality in geese.
	Address	University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical faculty, Slovenia. simona.kralj@guest.arnes.si
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-506X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17196200			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4189
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	Author	Hemelrijk, C.K.; Wantia, J.
	Title	Individual variation by self-organisation			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Abbreviated Journal	Neurosci Biobehav Rev
	Volume	29	Issue	1	Pages	125-136
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Competitive Behavior/physiology; Female; Humans; Individuality; Male; Models, Psychological; Sex Characteristics; Social Dominance; Time Factors
	Abstract	In this paper, we show that differences in dominance and spatial centrality of individuals in a group may arise through self-organisation. Our instrument is a model, called DomWorld, that represents two traits that are often found in animals, namely grouping and competing. In this model individual differences grow under the following conditions: (1) when the intensity of aggression increases and grouping becomes denser, (2) when the degree of sexual dimorphism in fighting power increases. In this case the differences among females compared to males grow too, (3) when, upon encountering another individual, the tendency to attack is 'obligate' and not conditional, namely 'sensitive to risks'. Results resemble phenomena described for societies of primates, mice, birds and pigs.
	Address	Theoretical Biology, University of Groningen, NN Haren, The Netherlands. hemelrij@ifi.unizh.ch
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0149-7634	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15652260			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	443
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	Author	Brennan, P.A.
	Title	The nose knows who's who: chemosensory individuality and mate recognition in mice			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Hormones and Behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Horm Behav
	Volume	46	Issue	3	Pages	231-240
	Keywords	Animals; Chemoreceptors/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Embryo Implantation/physiology; Female; Individuality; Major Histocompatibility Complex/physiology; Male; Mice; Neurons, Afferent/physiology; Nose/cytology/physiology; Perception/physiology; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Maintenance/physiology; Pregnancy, Animal/physiology; Receptors, Odorant/physiology; Recognition (Psychology)/physiology; Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology; Smell/physiology; Urine/physiology; Vomeronasal Organ/cytology/physiology
	Abstract	Individual recognition is an important component of behaviors, such as mate choice and maternal bonding that are vital for reproductive success. This article highlights recent developments in our understanding of the chemosensory cues and the neural pathways involved in individuality discrimination in rodents. There appear to be several types of chemosensory signal of individuality that are influenced by the highly polymorphic families of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins or major urinary proteins (MUPs). Both have the capability of binding small molecules and may influence the individual profile of these chemosignals in biological fluids such as urine, skin secretions, or saliva. Moreover, these proteins, or peptides associated with them, can be taken up into the vomeronasal organ (VNO) where they can potentially interact directly with the vomeronasal receptors. This is particularly interesting given the expression of major histocompatibility complex Ib proteins by the V2R class of vomeronasal receptor and the highly selective responses of accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) mitral cells to strain identity. These findings are consistent with the role of the vomeronasal system in mediating individual discrimination that allows mate recognition in the context of the pregnancy block effect. This is hypothesized to involve a selective increase in the inhibitory control of mitral cells in the accessory olfactory bulb at the first level of processing of the vomeronasal stimulus.
	Address	Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Madingley, Cambridge CB3 8AA, UK. pab23@cus.cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0018-506X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15325224			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4191
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	Author	Griffin, B.
	Title	The use of fecal markers to facilitate sample collection in group-housed cats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science / American Association for Laboratory Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci
	Volume	41	Issue	2	Pages	51-56
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Biological Markers/analysis; Cats/physiology/psychology; Diet/veterinary; Feces/chemistry; Food Coloring Agents/analysis; Housing, Animal; Individuality; Plastics/analysis; Specimen Handling/methods/veterinary
	Abstract	The provision of proper social housing is a priority when designing an experiment using domestic cats as laboratory animals. When animals are group-housed, studies requiring analysis of stool samples from individual subjects pose difficulty in sample collection and identification. In this study, commercially available concentrated food colorings (known as bakers pastes) were used as fecal markers in group-housed cats. Cats readily consumed 0.5 ml of bakers paste food coloring once daily in canned cat food. Colorings served as fecal markers by imparting a distinct color to each cat s feces, allowing identification in the litter box. In addition, colored glitter (1/8 teaspoon in canned food) was fed to cats and found to be a reliable fecal marker. Long-term feeding of colorings and glitter was found to be safe and effective at yielding readily identifiable stools.
	Address	Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama 36841, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1060-0558	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11958604			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4165
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	Author	Izumi, A.; Kojima, S.
	Title	Matching vocalizations to vocalizing faces in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	3	Pages	179-184
	Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animal Communication; Animals; Discrimination Learning; Facial Expression; Female; Individuality; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Photic Stimulation; Recognition (Psychology); Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Auditory-visual processing of species-specific vocalizations was investigated in a female chimpanzee named Pan. The basic task was auditory-visual matching-to-sample, where Pan was required to choose the vocalizer from two test movies in response to a chimpanzee's vocalization. In experiment 1, movies of vocalizing and silent faces were paired as the test movies. The results revealed that Pan recognized the status of other chimpanzees whether they vocalized or not. In experiment 2, two different types of vocalizing faces of an identical individual were prepared as the test movies. Pan recognized the correspondence between vocalization types and faces. These results suggested that chimpanzees possess crossmodal representations of their vocalizations, as do humans. Together with the ability of vocal individual recognition, this ability might reflect chimpanzees' profound understanding of the status of other individuals.
	Address	Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, 484-8506, Aichi, Japan. izumi@pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15015035			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2541
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	Author	Zhang, T.-Y.; Parent, C.; Weaver, I.; Meaney, M.J.
	Title	Maternal programming of individual differences in defensive responses in the rat			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1032	Issue		Pages	85-103
	Keywords	Adaptation, Biological; Aggression/physiology; Animals; Evolution; Female; Gene Expression/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Maternal Behavior; Phenotype; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
	Abstract	This paper describes the results of a series of studies showing that variations in mother-pup interactions program the development of individual differences in behavioral and endocrine stress responses in the rat. These effects are associated with altered expression of genes in brain regions, such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, that regulate the expression of stress responses. Studies from evolutionary biology suggest that such “maternal effects” are common and often associated with variations in the quality of the maternal environment. Together these findings suggest an epigenetic process whereby the experience of the mother alters the nature of the parent-offspring interactions and thus the phenotype of the offspring.
	Address	McGill Program for the Study of Behavior, Genes and Environment, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 boul. LaSalle, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H4H 1R3
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15677397			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4132
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	Author	Range, F.; Bugnyar, T.; Schlogl, C.; Kotrschal, K.
	Title	Individual and sex differences in learning abilities of ravens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	1	Pages	100-106
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Crows; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; Individuality; Male; Sex Factors; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals within the same species have been found to be stable across time and contexts. In this study, we investigated individual differences in learning abilities and object and social manipulation to test for consistency within individuals across different tasks. Individual ravens (Corvus corax) were tested in simple color and position discrimination tasks to establish their learning abilities. We found that males were significantly better in the acquisition of the first discrimination task and the object manipulation task, but not in any of the other tasks. Furthermore, faster learners engaged less often in manipulations of conspecifics and exploration of objects to get access to food. No relationship between object and social manipulation and reversal training were found. Our results suggest that individual differences in regard to the acquisition of new tasks may be related to personalities or at least object manipulation in ravens.
	Address	Konrad Lorenz Research Station, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria. friederike.range@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16675158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4146
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	Author	Fox, N.A.
	Title	Temperament and early experience form social behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Ann N Y Acad Sci
	Volume	1038	Issue		Pages	171-178
	Keywords	Adult; Animals; Child; Child Behavior Disorders/physiopathology; Fear/physiology; Humans; Individuality; Infant; Learning/physiology; Personality Development; Social Behavior; Temperament/physiology
	Abstract	Individual differences in the way persons respond to stimulation can have important consequences for their ability to learn and their choice of vocation. Temperament is the study of such individual differences, being thought of as the behavioral style of an individual. Common to all approaches in the study of temperament are the notions that it can be identified in infancy, is fairly stable across development, and influences adult personality. We have identified a specific temperament type in infancy that involves heightened distress to novel and unfamiliar stimuli. Infants who exhibit this temperament are likely, as they get older, to display behavioral inhibition-wariness and heightened vigilance of the unfamiliar-particularly in social situations. Our work has also described the underlying biology of this temperament and has linked it to neural systems supporting fear responses in animals. Children displaying behavioral inhibition are at-risk for behavioral problems related to anxiety and social withdrawal.
	Address	Institute for Child Study, Department of Human Development, University of Maryland, 3304 Benjamin Building, College Park, MD 20742-1131, USA. nf4@umail.umd.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0077-8923	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15838111			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4131
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	Author	Bouchard, T.J.J.; Loehlin, J.C.
	Title	Genes, evolution, and personality			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavior Genetics	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Genet
	Volume	31	Issue	3	Pages	243-273
	Keywords	Animals; Evolution; Genetics, Behavioral; Humans; Individuality; Personality/genetics; Twin Studies
	Abstract	There is abundant evidence, some of it reviewed in this paper, that personality traits are substantially influenced by the genes. Much remains to be understood about how and why this is the case. We argue that placing the behavior genetics of personality in the context of epidemiology, evolutionary psychology, and neighboring psychological domains such as interests and attitudes should help lead to new insights. We suggest that important methodological advances, such as measuring traits from multiple viewpoints, using large samples, and analyzing data by modern multivariate techniques, have already led to major changes in our view of such perennial puzzles as the role of “unshared environment” in personality. In the long run, but not yet, approaches via molecular genetics and brain physiology may also make decisive contributions to understanding the heritability of personality traits. We conclude that the behavior genetics of personality is alive and flourishing but that there remains ample scope for new growth and that much social science research is seriously compromised if it does not incorporate genetic variation in its explanatory models.
	Address	Department of Psychology. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA. bouch001@tc.umn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0001-8244	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11699599			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4142
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	Author	Clark, M.L.; Ayers, M.
	Title	Friendship similarity during early adolescence: gender and racial patterns			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	The Journal of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Psychol
	Volume	126	Issue	4	Pages	393-405
	Keywords	Achievement; Adolescent; African Americans/psychology; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Individuality; Interpersonal Relations; Male; *Personality Development; Personality Inventory; Sociometric Techniques
	Abstract	We studied the relationship of reciprocity, gender, and racial composition (Caucasian, African American, cross-race) of adolescent friendship dyads to similarity and proximity in 136 young adolescents. We found that adolescents selected friends who were of the same gender and race and that female dyads were more similar than male dyads on verbal achievement and several personality dimensions. Caucasian dyads were more similar than African American dyads on verbal achievement, mental alertness, and dominance. African American adolescents had more contact with their best friends outside school, whereas Caucasian adolescent friends had more in-school contact. African American students had fewer reciprocal relationships than the Caucasian students. Cross-race friendships were less reciprocal than same-race friendships. Race and gender were important in determining friendship patterns. Similarity and proximity were more important than reciprocity in understanding early adolescent friendships.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-3980	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1403972			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5628
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