| Records |
Author  |
Acuna, B.D.; Sanes, J.N.; Donoghue, J.P. |
| Title |
Cognitive mechanisms of transitive inference |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale |
Abbreviated Journal |
Exp Brain Res |
| Volume |
146 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
1-10 |
| Keywords |
Adolescent; Adult; Attention/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Female; Humans; Learning/physiology; Linear Models; Male; Photic Stimulation; Psychomotor Performance/physiology; Reaction Time/physiology |
| Abstract |
We examined how the brain organizes interrelated facts during learning and how the facts are subsequently manipulated in a transitive inference (TI) paradigm (e.g., if A<B and B<C, then A<C). This task determined features such as learned facts and behavioral goals, but the learned facts could be organized in any of several ways. For example, if one learns a list by operating on paired items, the pairs may be stored individually as separate facts and reaction time (RT) should decrease with learning. Alternatively, the pairs may be stored as a single, unified list, which may yield a different RT pattern. We characterized RT patterns that occurred as participants learned, by trial and error, the predetermined order of 11 shapes. The task goal was to choose the shape occurring closer to the end of the list, and feedback about correctness was provided during this phase. RT increased even as its variance decreased during learning, suggesting that the learnt knowledge became progressively unified into a single representation, requiring more time to manipulate as participants acquired relational knowledge. After learning, non-adjacent (NA) list items were presented to examine how participants reasoned in a TI task. The task goal also required choosing from each presented pair the item occurring closer to the list end, but without feedback. Participants could solve the TI problems by applying formal logic to the previously learnt pairs of adjacent items; alternatively, they could manipulate a single, unified representation of the list. Shorter RT occurred for NA pairs having more intervening items, supporting the hypothesis that humans employ unified mental representations during TI. The response pattern does not support mental logic solutions of applying inference rules sequentially, which would predict longer RT with more intervening items. We conclude that the brain organizes information in such a way that reflects the relations among the items, even if the facts were learned in an arbitrary order, and that this representation is subsequently used to make inferences. |
| Address |
Department of Neuroscience, Box 1953, Brown Medical School, Providence, RI 02912, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0014-4819 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12192572 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
602 |
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| Author |
Adolphs, R. |
| Title |
Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nat Rev Neurosci |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
165-178 |
| Keywords |
Cognition; Emotions; Humans; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
We are an intensely social species--it has been argued that our social nature defines what makes us human, what makes us conscious or what gave us our large brains. As a new field, the social brain sciences are probing the neural underpinnings of social behaviour and have produced a banquet of data that are both tantalizing and deeply puzzling. We are finding new links between emotion and reason, between action and perception, and between representations of other people and ourselves. No less important are the links that are also being established across disciplines to understand social behaviour, as neuroscientists, social psychologists, anthropologists, ethologists and philosophers forge new collaborations. |
| Address |
Deparment of Neurology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. ralph-adolphs@uiowa.edu |
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1471-003X |
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| Notes |
PMID:12612630 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4706 |
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| Author |
Alexander, D.J. |
| Title |
Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
J R Soc Med |
| Volume |
75 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
799-811 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Domestic; Bird Diseases/transmission; Birds; Disease Outbreaks; Ecology; Horse Diseases/transmission; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/genetics/isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/microbiology/*transmission/veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/transmission; Zoonoses/transmission |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0141-0768 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:6752410 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2689 |
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| Author |
Alexander, F.; Davies, M.E. |
| Title |
Studies on vitamin B12 in the horse |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1969 |
Publication |
The British veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Br. Vet. J. |
| Volume |
125 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
169-176 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Biological Assay; Cattle; Chickens; Feces/analysis; Horses/*metabolism; Humans; Lactobacillus/metabolism; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Urine/analysis; Vitamin B 12/*analysis |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0007-1935 |
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| Notes |
PMID:5814055 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
116 |
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| Author |
Anderson, J.R.; Kuroshima, H.; Kuwahata, H.; Fujita, K. |
| Title |
Do squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) predict that looking leads to touching? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
185-192 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; *Attention; Cebus/*psychology; Cognition; *Concept Formation; Cues; Fixation, Ocular; Humans; *Nonverbal Communication; Recognition (Psychology); Saimiri/*psychology; Social Behavior; Species Specificity |
| Abstract |
Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were tested using an expectancy violation procedure to assess whether they use an actor's gaze direction, signaled by congruent head and eye orientation, to predict subsequent behavior. The monkeys visually habituated to a repeated sequence in which the actor (a familiar human or a puppet) looked at an object and then picked it up, but they did not react strongly when the actor looked at an object but then picked up another object. Capuchin monkeys' responses in the puppet condition were slightly more suggestive of expectancy. There was no differential responding to congruent versus incongruent look-touch sequences when familiarization trials were omitted. The weak findings contrast with a strongly positive result previously reported for tamarin monkeys. Additional evidence is required before concluding that behavior prediction based on gaze cues typifies primates; other approaches for studying how they process attention cues are indicated. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, Stirling, Scotland. jra1@stir.ac.uk |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Expedition |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:15022054 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2540 |
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| Author |
Anderson, J.R.; Kuwahata, H.; Fujita, K. |
| Title |
Gaze alternation during “pointing” by squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
267-271 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Cues; Female; Humans; *Learning; Male; Saimiri/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Gaze alternation (GA) is considered a hallmark of pointing in human infants, a sign of intentionality underlying the gesture. GA has occasionally been observed in great apes, and reported only anecdotally in a few monkeys. Three squirrel monkeys that had previously learned to reach toward out-of-reach food in the presence of a human partner were videotaped while the latter visually attended to the food, a distractor object, or the ceiling. Frame-by-frame video analysis revealed that, especially when reaching toward the food, the monkeys rapidly and repeatedly switched between looking at the partner's face and the food. This type of GA suggests that the monkeys were communicating with the partner. However, the monkeys' behavior was not influenced by changes in the partner's focus of attention. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK. jra1@stir.ac.uk |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
ISBN |
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Medium |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:17242934 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2424 |
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| Author |
Andrew, R.J. |
| Title |
Changes in visual responsiveness following intercollicular lesions and their effects on avoidance and attack |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Brain, Behavior and Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Behav Evol |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
4-5 |
Pages |
400-424 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Chickens; Humans; Male; Mutism; Superior Colliculi/*physiology; Tectum Mesencephali; Testosterone; Visual Fields; Vocalization, Animal |
| Abstract |
In the normal chick, conspicuous visual stimuli induce targetting and pecking together, with vocalization. All three are abolished by lesion of the intercollicular area (ICo) or of connections passing through its medial margin. After such lesions, chicks also cease to treat significant visual stimuli as if they were startling and exciting, and may delay response as a result. However, they are still able to recognise, orient accurately to, and respond appropriately to, a variety of complex visual stimuli (e.g. food grains, copulation object). In addition, they are little affected by strange surroundings. Lesion evidence suggests the mammalian subcollicular area to have similar functions to the ICo and to be homologous with it. A route (present in bird), which is well-known in mammals for its association with threat, defense and escape evoked by strange and frightening objects (amygdala-diencephalic periventricular system-central mesencephalic grey, A-DPS-CMG) is stimuli via the 2 ICo (subcollicular area). Two different mechanisms may be involved caudal to the ICo. One consists of tectal afferents which might modulate the evocation of targetting, pecking and other responses via the tectum. The other is the predorsal system of tectal efferents which may mediate such responses. Classical syndromes of tameness and unresponsiveness produced by various interruptions of the A-DPS-CMG route may depend on interruption of connections to these midbrain mechanisms. Attack is depressed by ICo lesions as one aspect of reduced responsiveness to conspicuous and startling visual stimuli. Avoidance, which is apparently mediated by a separate system, much as in Anura, is facilitated. |
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English |
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0006-8977 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:1169102 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4626 |
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| Author |
Arluke, A. |
| Title |
The use of dogs in medical and veterinary training: understanding and approaching student uneasiness |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
| Volume |
7 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
197-204 |
| Keywords |
*Animal Experimentation; Animals; *Animals, Laboratory; Cadaver; Comprehension; Dogs; Education, Veterinary/*ethics/*methods; Humans; Massachusetts; Schools, Veterinary; Students, Medical/*psychology; Biomedical and Behavioral Research |
| Abstract |
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| Address |
Tajen Institute of Technology, Taiwan. a.arluke@neu.edu |
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English |
Summary Language |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1088-8705 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:15498727; KIE: KIE Bib: animal experimentation |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2755 |
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| Author |
Aust, U.; Huber, L. |
| Title |
Picture-object recognition in pigeons: evidence of representational insight in a visual categorization task using a complementary information procedure |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
32 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
190-195 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Classification; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Form Perception; *Generalization (Psychology); Humans; Perceptual Closure; Photic Stimulation; Photography; *Recognition (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
Success in tasks requiring categorization of pictorial stimuli does not prove that a subject understands what the pictures stand for. The ability to achieve representational insight is by no means a trivial one because it exceeds mere detection of 2-D features present in both the pictorial images and their referents. So far, evidence for such an ability in nonhuman species is weak and inconclusive. Here, the authors report evidence of representational insight in pigeons. After being trained on pictures of incomplete human figures, the birds responded significantly more to pictures of the previously missing parts than to nonrepresentative stimuli, which demonstrates that they actually recognized the pictures' representational content. |
| Address |
Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Austria. ulrike.aust@univie.ac.at |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
ISBN |
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| Notes |
PMID:16634663 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2759 |
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| Author |
Aviad, A.D.; Houpt, J.B. |
| Title |
The molecular weight of therapeutic hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate): how significant is it? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
The Journal of rheumatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Rheumatol |
| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
297-301 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Horse Diseases/drug therapy; Horses; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid/*chemistry/*therapeutic use; Joint Diseases/*drug therapy/veterinary; Molecular Weight; Osteoarthritis/drug therapy/veterinary; Synovial Fluid/drug effects/physiology; Viscosity |
| Abstract |
Various molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) preparations have been injected into joints for the treatment of human and equine osteoarthritis. A therapeutic advantage has been claimed for commercial products with a molecular weight in the range found in normal synovial fluid (SF), compared to lower molecular weight products. But a correlation between molecular weight and efficacy is not borne out by an analysis of the available literature on clinical results. SF viscosity, HA concentration, HA molecular weight and rate of synthesis in joint disease. It is proposed that the beneficial effect of injected HA in joint disease may be due to pharmacological rather than to physical properties. |
| Address |
Rheumatic Disease Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, ON, Canada |
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English |
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Edition |
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0315-162X |
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| Notes |
PMID:8182640 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
35 |
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