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Author |
Massen, J.; Sterck, E.; de Vos, H. |
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Title |
Close social associations in animals and humans: functions and mechanisms of friendship |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
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147 |
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11 |
Pages |
1379 |
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Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
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Both humans and group-living animals associate and behave affiliatively more with some individuals than others. Human friendship has long been acknowledged, and recently scientists studying animal behaviour have started using the term friendship for close social associates in animals. Yet, while biologists describe friends as social tools to enhance fitness, social scientists describe human friendship as unconditional. We investigate whether these different descriptions reflect true differences in human friendship and animal close social associations or are a by-product of different research approaches: namely social scientists focussing on proximate and biologists on ultimate explanations. We first stress the importance of similar measures to determine close social associations, thereafter examine their ultimate benefits and proximate motivations, and discuss the latest findings on the central-neural regulation of social bonds. We conclude that both human friendship and animal close social associations are ultimately beneficial. On the proximate level, motivations for friendship in humans and for close social associations in animals are not necessarily based on benefits and are often unconditional. Moreover, humans share with many animals a similar physiological basis of sociality. Therefore, biologists and social scientist describe the same phenomenon, and the use of the term friendship for animals seems justified. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5813 |
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Author |
Yang, S. |
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Title |
Melioidosis research in China |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Acta Tropica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Acta Trop |
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Volume |
77 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
157-165 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity; China/epidemiology; Cross Reactions; Glanders/immunology/microbiology; Horses; Humans; *Melioidosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Virulence |
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Research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in China for more than two decades. It has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei. The cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the Hainan and Zhanjiang peninsula. Investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susceptibility, whole cell analysis by gas chromatography, and genetics have led to a new understanding of the pathology of the disease. Immunological cross reactions between Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei and the difference between melioidosis and glanders in horses is discussed. |
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Medical Research Institute, Yan-Ling (510507), Dongguanzhuang Road 91, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. songyangch@hotmail.com |
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0001-706X |
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PMID:11080506 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2649 |
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Author |
Nelson, G.S. |
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Title |
Onchocerciasis |
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1970 |
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Advances in Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Parasitol |
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8 |
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173-224 |
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Africa; Animals; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use; Artiodactyla; Blindness/etiology; Cattle; Circadian Rhythm; Ddt; Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use; Diptera/anatomy & histology/growth & development; Dwarfism/etiology; Ecology; Eye/pathology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Geography; Haplorhini; Hernia, Femoral/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/growth & development; Larva/growth & development; Male; Onchocerca/classification/growth & development; *Onchocerciasis/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology/pathology/prevention & control/veterinary; Primates; Serologic Tests; Skin/pathology; Skin Tests; Suramin/therapeutic use |
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0065-308X |
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PMID:4997515 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2738 |
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Author |
Boray, J.C. |
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Title |
Experimental fascioliasis in Australia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1969 |
Publication |
Advances in Parasitology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Parasitol |
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7 |
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95-210 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Australia; Cattle; *Cattle Diseases/pathology; Climate; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; Electron Transport; Estivation; Fasciola hepatica/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism/physiology; Fascioliasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/veterinary; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Larva/growth & development/physiology; Marsupialia; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mice; New Guinea; New Zealand; Parasite Egg Count; Rats; Seasons; Sheep; *Sheep Diseases/pathology |
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0065-308X |
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PMID:4935272 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2744 |
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Author |
Komar, N. |
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Title |
West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Advances in Virus Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Virus Res |
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61 |
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185-234 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA |
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0065-3527 |
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PMID:14714433 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2638 |
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Scherer, W.F.; Madalengoitia, J.; Flores, W.; Acosta, M. |
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Title |
Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Peru during 1970-1971 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
American Journal of Epidemiology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Epidemiol |
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101 |
Issue |
4 |
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347-355 |
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Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Cricetinae/immunology; Culicidae/microbiology; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; *Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology/isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology/microbiology/transmission; Female; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Horses/immunology; Humans; Neutralization Tests; Peru |
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Venezuelan encephalitis (VE) virus has intermittently produced epidemics and equine epizootics on the dry Pacific coastal plain of Peru since at least the 1930's. However, evidence that the virus exists in the Amazon region of Peru to the east of the Andes mountains was not obtained until antibodies were found in human sera collected in 1965, and 10 strains of the virus were isolated in a forest near the city of Iquitos, Peru during February and March 1971. Eight strains came from mosquitoes and two from dead sentinel hamsters. Three hamsters exposed in forests near Iquitos developed VE virus antibodies suggesting that hamster-benign strains also exist there. Antibody tests of equine sera revealed no evidence that VE virus was actively cycling during the late 1950's or 1960's in southern coastal Peru, where equine epizootics had occurred in the 1930's and 1940's. In northern coastal Peru bordering Ecuador, antibodies were present in equine sera, presumably residual from the 1969 outbreak caused by subtype I virus, since neutralizing antibody titers were higher to subtype I virus than to subtypes III or IV. No VE virus was detected in this northern region during the dry season of 1970 by use of sentinel hamsters. The possibility is considered that VE epidemics and equine epizootics on the Pacific coast of Peru are caused by movements of virus in infected vertebrates traversing Andean passes or in infected vertebrates or mosquitoes carried in airplanes from the Amazon region. |
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0002-9262 |
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PMID:235838 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2705 |
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Menges, R.W.; Furcolow, M.L.; Selby, L.A.; Habermann, R.T.; Smith, C.D. |
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Ecologic studies of histoplasmosis |
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Journal Article |
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1967 |
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American Journal of Epidemiology |
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Am J Epidemiol |
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85 |
Issue |
1 |
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108-119 |
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Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antibodies/*analysis; Carnivora; Cats; Cattle; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Histoplasma/isolation & purification; Histoplasmin; Histoplasmosis/*epidemiology/*immunology; Horses; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kansas; Male; Marsupialia; Mice; Middle Aged; Missouri; Rabbits; Skin Tests; *Soil Microbiology; Swine |
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0002-9262 |
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PMID:5334640 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2747 |
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Romano, N.; Vitale, F.; Alesi, D.R.; Bonura, F.; La Licata, R.; Intonazzo, V.; Dardanoni, G.; Mammina, C. |
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The changing pattern of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in intravenous drug users. Results of a six-year seroprevalence study in Palermo, Italy |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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American Journal of Epidemiology |
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Am J Epidemiol |
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135 |
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11 |
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1189-1196 |
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Keywords |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology; Adolescent; Adult; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; HIV Antibodies/blood; HIV Infections/*epidemiology; HIV Seroprevalence/*trends; *Hiv-1; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood; Heroin; Humans; Incidence; Italy/epidemiology; Logistic Models; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Substance Abuse, Intravenous/*epidemiology; Time Factors |
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A cross-sectional seroepidemiologic study was carried out between 1985 and 1990 in 1,567 heterosexual intravenous drug users who had been seen at the AIDS Regional Reference Center in Palermo, Italy, to evaluate the rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroprevalence in this group and its long-term trend. Sixty serum samples collected from drug users in 1980 and 1983, before the founding of the Center (1985), were tested as well. Some demographic and behavioral risk factors were studied in a subgroup of intravenous drug users enrolled in 1985, 1987, and 1990 for their possible association with HIV-1. These factors were also studied in relation to hepatitis B virus infection, since both viruses share the same modes of spread. These drug users had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus than of HIV-1 antibodies, and the prevalence rates in sera collected declined over time for both infections. The presence of both antibodies to HIV-1 and markers for hepatitis B virus was independently associated with the age of the drug user, the duration of drug use, and the year of serum collection. Antibodies to HIV-1 were observed more frequently in females than in males. No relation was found between education or employment status and the presence of HIV-1 antibodies or hepatitis B virus markers. Although new HIV-1 infections still occur, the decline in seroprevalence observed at the end of the 1980s might be related to modifications in social behavior among newer drug users, partial exhaustion of the susceptible population, and increasing risk awareness in more experienced users. |
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Giuseppe D'Alessandro Department of Hygiene and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Italy |
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0002-9262 |
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PMID:1626537 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5258 |
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Author |
Scott, L.D. |
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Title |
Living donor liver transplant--is the horse already out of the barn? |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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The American Journal of Gastroenterology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Gastroenterol |
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101 |
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4 |
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686-688 |
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Guidelines; Humans; Informed Consent; Liver Transplantation/*ethics; Living Donors/*ethics; Patient Selection; Risk Factors; Tissue and Organ Harvesting; Truth Disclosure |
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Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA |
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0002-9270 |
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PMID:16635214 |
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1874 |
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Author |
Previc, F.H. |
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Title |
Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
American Journal of Physical Anthropology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Phys Anthropol |
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118 |
Issue |
4 |
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402-3; discussion 404-5 |
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Animals; Humans; *Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis |
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Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil |
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0002-9483 |
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PMID:12124921 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4108 |
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