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Author Ratzlaff, M.H.; Wilson, P.D.; Hyde, M.L.; Balch, O.K.; Grant, B.D.
Title Relationship between locomotor forces, hoof position and joint motion during the support phase of the stride of galloping horses Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Acta Anatomica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Anat (Basel)
Volume 146 Issue 2-3 Pages 200-204
Keywords Animals; Equipment Design; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; Joints/*physiology; *Locomotion; Motor Activity/*physiology; Physiology/instrumentation; *Posture; Shoes; Transducers
Abstract Three methods were used simultaneously to determine the relationships between the vertical forces exerted on the hooves and the positions of the limbs and hooves at the times of peak vertical forces from 2 horses galloping on a track straightaway. Vertical forces were recorded from an instrumented shoe, fetlock joint motion was measured with an electrogoniometer and the angles of the carpus, fetlock and hoof were determined from slow-motion films. At hoof contact, the mean angles of the carpus and fetlock were 181-182 degrees and 199-206 degrees, respectively. Peak vertical forces on the heel occurred at or near maximum extension of the carpal and fetlock joints. Peak forces on the toe occurred during flexion of the fetlock joint and at mean hoof angles of 28-31 degrees from the horizontal. The mean angles of the hoof from the horizontal at the time of heel contact were 6-7 degrees. Hoof lift occurred at mean carpal angles of 173-174 degrees and mean fetlock angles of 199-200 degrees.
Address Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6520
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0001-5180 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8470468 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1945
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Author Colahan, P.; Lindsey, E.; Nunier, C.
Title Determination of the center of pressure of the hoofs of the forelimbs of horses standing on a flat level surface Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Acta Anatomica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Anat (Basel)
Volume 146 Issue 2-3 Pages 175-178
Keywords Animals; Forelimb/*physiology; Hoof and Claw/*physiology; Horses/*physiology; *Posture; Pressure
Abstract The pressure exerted on a flat level surface by recently trimmed, unshod hoofs of the front limbs of 23 sound, adult horses was measured using pressure-sensitive film and a specially built cassette. The horses were tranquilized and stood with one foot on the 2.9-cm-thick cassette and the other on a block of equal height. The hoofs were observed for motion during the measurement, and the developed film was examined for improper alignment of the film or slipping of the hoof. The center of pressure was located using the method of weighted proportions of Barrey. This static measurement system with a long measurement time and the number of measurements reduced the influence of variables inherent in the horses' behavior and the measuring system. The calculated point was recorded as falling medial to, lateral to or on a line bisecting the central sulcus of the frog. In the dorsal to palmar orientation the point was classified with reference to a line drawn halfway between the most dorsal and the most palmar mark on the film. Forty-six percent of the calculated centers of pressure were located in the medial heel area. Binomial analysis for large samples indicates that this was a significant variation from a random distribution. Seventy-six percent of the centers were located in or on the borders of the medial heel.
Address College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608-0136
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0001-5180 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8470462 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1946
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Author Clayton, H.M.
Title The extended canter: a comparison of some kinematic variables in horses trained for dressage and for racing Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Acta Anatomica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Anat (Basel)
Volume 146 Issue 2-3 Pages 183-187
Keywords Animal Husbandry; Animals; *Gait; Horses/*physiology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Sports
Abstract This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in selected temporal and linear stride variables of the extended canter in horses bred and trained for dressage or racing. Nine advanced-level dressage horses and 7 Thoroughbred racehorses were filmed at a frame rate of 200 Hz at an extended canter on a sand track. Two strides were recorded per trial, and each horse performed 6 or 7 trials. Temporal and linear data were determined from the films, and descriptive statistics (mean, SD) were calculated. Strides were selected for analysis on the basis of having a velocity in the range of 6.0-7.0 m/s, and multivariate analysis of variance was used to detect significant differences in the stride kinematics of horses trained for the two sports (p < or = 0.01). The average velocity of the dressage horses was 6.37 m/s, compared with 6.40 m/s for the racehorses. There were no significant differences between the two groups in velocity, stride duration, stride length or the distances between limb placements. The stance durations of all four limbs and the overlaps between them were longer, whereas the duration of the suspension phase was shorter in the dressage horses than in the racehorses (p < or = 0.01). The time between impacts of the diagonal limb pair was close to zero in both groups, with individual horses showing some variability in the order of placement of the diagonal limb pair. However, the sequence of footfalls was not significantly different between the two groups (p < or = 0.01).
Address Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0001-5180 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8470464 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3751
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Author Argue, C.K.; Clayton, H.M.
Title A preliminary study of transitions between the walk and trot in dressage horses Type Journal Article
Year 1993 Publication Acta Anatomica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Anat (Basel)
Volume 146 Issue 2-3 Pages 179-182
Keywords Animals; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/physiology; *Physical Conditioning, Animal
Abstract The object of this study was to determine the limb support sequence during the transitions from walk to trot and from trot to walk in dressage horses under saddle and to test the null hypothesis that the limb support sequence during the transitions is not related to the level of training. Sixteen dressage horses training at novice to FEI Grand Prix level were videotaped performing an average of 9 transitions each from walk to trot and from trot to walk. The 30-Hz videotapes were viewed in slow motion, and based on the limb support sequence the transitions were categorized into two types. In type 1 transitions there were no intermediate steps between the walk and trot sequences. Type 2 transitions were characterized by intermediate steps, including a single support phase. The Kendall rank-order correlation coefficient showed that a higher level of training was positively associated with an increased percentage of type 1 transitions for both walk-to-trot transitions (p < or = 0.05) and trot-to-walk transitions (p < or = 0.01). No significant preference for initiating or completing the trot on the left or right diagonal was found using the binomial test for individual horses and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for the group.
Address Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0001-5180 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:8470463 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3752
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Author Yang, S.
Title Melioidosis research in China Type Journal Article
Year 2000 Publication Acta Tropica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Trop
Volume 77 Issue 2 Pages 157-165
Keywords Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology; Burkholderia pseudomallei/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity; China/epidemiology; Cross Reactions; Glanders/immunology/microbiology; Horses; Humans; *Melioidosis/epidemiology/immunology/microbiology/veterinary; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Virulence
Abstract Research on melioidosis and its pathogen has been ongoing in China for more than two decades. It has been demonstrated that the natural foci are located predominantly in Hainan, Guangdong and Guangxi province, where there is a good correlation between soil isolation and the serum prevalence of antibodies to Burkholderia pseudomallei. The cases of melioidosis reported up to now are concentrated in the Hainan and Zhanjiang peninsula. Investigations on serotype, virulence, ecology, antibiotic susceptibility, whole cell analysis by gas chromatography, and genetics have led to a new understanding of the pathology of the disease. Immunological cross reactions between Burkholderia mallei and B. pseudomallei and the difference between melioidosis and glanders in horses is discussed.
Address Medical Research Institute, Yan-Ling (510507), Dongguanzhuang Road 91, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. songyangch@hotmail.com
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0001-706X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:11080506 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2649
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Author Mejdell, C.M.; Simensen, E.; Boe, K.E.
Title Is snow a sufficient source of water for horses kept outdoors in winter? A case report Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Abbreviated Journal (up) Acta Vet Scand
Volume 46 Issue 1-2 Pages 19-22
Keywords Animals; *Drinking Behavior; *Horses; Norway; Osmolar Concentration; Snow; *Thirst; *Water Supply
Abstract Due to extreme weather conditions, a flock of outwintered Icelandic horses had to manage for several days on snow as the source of free water. They were fed grass silage ad lib, and any change in feed consumption was not observed. After nine days, blood samples were taken and analysed for plasma osmolality, they were subjected to a simple clinical examination, and offered drinking water. Osmolality levels were within normal limits and mean value did not differ significantly from samples which previously were taken of the same individuals. The general condition of the horses was normal, with no signs of clinical dehydration or disease. The horses showed very little interest for the offered drinking water. This suggests that in cold winter weather, horses being fed grass silage and adjusted to eat snow, can manage for several days with snow substituting liquid water without their physiology and welfare being challenged.
Address National Centre for Veterinary Contract Research and Commercial Services, Ltd
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0044-605X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:16108209 Approved no
Call Number Serial 1886
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Author Art, T.; Lekeux, P.
Title Exercise-induced physiological adjustments to stressful conditions in sports horses Type Journal Article
Year 2005 Publication Livestock Production Science Abbreviated Journal (up) Adaptability of sport horses to stressful conditions
Volume 92 Issue 2 Pages 101-111
Keywords Horse; Exercise; Stress
Abstract Among athletic/sports animals, the horse has a unique ability to increase its oxygen uptake by a factor of 60 during heavy exercise. This is achieved by physiological adaptations of all the links in the oxygen chain. Ventilation is increased by a factor of 30. Since the horse is a compulsory nasal breather, this hyperpnea necessitates high transmural pressure changes, which may be responsible for the dynamic collapse of the airways. Blood flow is increased by a factor of 10. Since the left ventricle is not very compliant, this increase necessitates a high filling pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which may induce capillary stress failure and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Lastly, oxygen transport is improved by splenic contraction which increases haemoglobinemia by 50%. Sports horses frequently suffer from several problems, which are related either to endogenous or exogenous stresses experienced during their career. These stresses, caused by the use of the horse as a competition animal, may lead to several medical problems. At a systemic level, endogenous stresses include hyperkaliemia, lactacidemia, and hyperthermia; oxidative stress may induce problems at a general, and/or a pulmonary level. External factors, e.g. poor quality of inspired air, transport, hot and humid ambient conditions, and microbiological agents, may also induce abnormal body attacks, and lead to health problems.
Address
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3667
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Author Nelson, G.S.
Title Onchocerciasis Type Journal Article
Year 1970 Publication Advances in Parasitology Abbreviated Journal (up) Adv Parasitol
Volume 8 Issue Pages 173-224
Keywords Africa; Animals; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use; Artiodactyla; Blindness/etiology; Cattle; Circadian Rhythm; Ddt; Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use; Diptera/anatomy & histology/growth & development; Dwarfism/etiology; Ecology; Eye/pathology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Geography; Haplorhini; Hernia, Femoral/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/growth & development; Larva/growth & development; Male; Onchocerca/classification/growth & development; *Onchocerciasis/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology/pathology/prevention & control/veterinary; Primates; Serologic Tests; Skin/pathology; Skin Tests; Suramin/therapeutic use
Abstract
Address
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0065-308X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:4997515 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2738
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Author Boray, J.C.
Title Experimental fascioliasis in Australia Type Journal Article
Year 1969 Publication Advances in Parasitology Abbreviated Journal (up) Adv Parasitol
Volume 7 Issue Pages 95-210
Keywords Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Australia; Cattle; *Cattle Diseases/pathology; Climate; *Disease Vectors; Ecology; Electron Transport; Estivation; Fasciola hepatica/enzymology/*growth & development/metabolism/physiology; Fascioliasis/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/veterinary; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Larva/growth & development/physiology; Marsupialia; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mice; New Guinea; New Zealand; Parasite Egg Count; Rats; Seasons; Sheep; *Sheep Diseases/pathology
Abstract
Address
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Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
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Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0065-308X ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:4935272 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2744
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Author Komar, N.
Title West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America Type Journal Article
Year 2003 Publication Advances in Virus Research Abbreviated Journal (up) Adv Virus Res
Volume 61 Issue Pages 185-234
Keywords Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics
Abstract
Address Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA
Corporate Author Thesis
Publisher Place of Publication Editor
Language English Summary Language Original Title
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
Series Volume Series Issue Edition
ISSN 0065-3527 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:14714433 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2638
Permanent link to this record