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Author |
Ryder, O.A. |
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Title |
Przewalski's horse – putting the wild horse back in the wild |
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Journal Article |
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Year  |
1988 |
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Oryx |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oryx |
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22 |
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154-157 |
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Keywords |
Equidae genetics. |
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The Asian wild horse, or Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), is believed to currently survive only in captivity. There are more than 660 individuals in over 70 zoological collections, and animals are available for reintroduction. The Przewalski's horse had been bred in captivity for 12 generations, and inbreeding has occurred. Genetic variability has been lost, and released animals will require acclimatization on or near release sites. In China, a program is under way for acclimatization, breeding, and release of wild horses, and plans are being made for a similar program in Mongolia. (LCA) |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1537 |
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Author |
Thackeray, J.F. |
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Title |
Zebras from wonderwerk cave, northern Cape province, South Africa: attempts to distinguish Equus burchelli and E. quagga |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
South African journal of science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Suid- Afrikaanse Tydsskrif vir Wetenskap |
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Volume |
84 |
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Pages |
99-101 |
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Keywords |
Cape Province; Teeth; Statistical analysis; Equidae; Hippomorpha; South Africa; Southern Africa; Perissodactyla; Mammalia; Vertebrata |
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0038-2353 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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yes |
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1644 |
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Author |
Dierenfeld, E.S. |
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Title |
Vitamin E in exotics: effects, evaluation and ecology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
The Journal of Nutrition |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Nutr |
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Volume |
124 |
Issue |
12 Suppl |
Pages |
2579s-2581s |
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Keywords |
Animal Feed/*analysis; Animals; Animals, Zoo/blood/*metabolism; Antelopes/blood/metabolism; Birds/blood/metabolism; Deer/blood/metabolism; Elephants/blood/metabolism; Equidae/blood/metabolism; Perissodactyla/blood/metabolism; Vitamin E/*administration & dosage/analysis/blood; Vitamin E Deficiency/pathology/physiopathology/veterinary |
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The pathophysiology and lesions associated with vitamin E deficiency are similar between domestic and exotic species, and circulating plasma concentrations are also similar between comparable groups. However, many ecological variables must be considered for the most relevant comparisons. Tissue values of vitamin E, apart from plasma, are unknown for most exotics. Dietary vitamin E requirements of exotic species and domestics appear to differ; based on natural foodstuff analyses and clinical observations, between 50 and 200 mg vitamin E/kg DM are necessary to prevent vitamin E deficiency, 5- to 10-fold higher than current livestock recommendations. |
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Department of Nutrition, Wildlife Health Center, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460 |
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0022-3166 |
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PMID:7996243 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2661 |
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Author |
McDonnell, S.M.; Haviland, J.C.S. |
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Title |
Agonistic ethogram of the equid bachelor band |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
43 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
147-188 |
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Keywords |
Equid; Horse; Bachelor; Agonistic; Social behavior; Ethogram |
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Abstract |
An ethogram of agonistic and related behaviors among equid bachelor band members was developed. Several key English-language studies on equids were reviewed to derive a preliminary inventory of specific behaviors to be included in the ethogram. A bachelor band of domestic pony stallions pastured together was observed for approximately 50 daylight hours to obtain detailed descriptions of each behavior, enable photographic and video documentation of behaviors, and identify any behaviors to be added to the preliminary inventory. An initial draft of the ethogram was sent to 65 equine researchers for review. Twenty-eight critical reviews were received and their suggestions considered for the final draft. A total of 49 elemental behaviors including five distinct vocalizations was included in the ethogram. Three complex behavioral sequences were also included. Most of the behaviors catalogued from the direct observation of pastured pony stallions were also found in the equid literature. For many, references to these behaviors specifically among males or bachelor band members were not found. The results offer a practical tool for quantitative research and other studies of equid inter-male behavior as well as for teaching of equid behavior, and should facilitate progress toward development of a complete ethogram for the horse and other equids. |
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refbase @ user @ ; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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749 |
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Author |
Kiltie, R.A.; Fan, J.; Laine, A.F. |
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Title |
A wavelet-based metric for visual texture discrimination with applications in evolutionary ecology |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Mathematical Biosciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Math Biosci |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
21-39 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Carnivora; *Ecology; Equidae; *Evolution; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Biological; Moths; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Pigmentation |
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Abstract |
Much work on natural and sexual selection is concerned with the conspicuousness of visual patterns (textures) on animal and plant surfaces. Previous attempts by evolutionary biologists to quantify apparency of such textures have involved subjective estimates of conspicuousness or statistical analyses based on transect samples. We present a method based on wavelet analysis that avoids subjectivity and that uses more of the information in image textures than transects do. Like the human visual system for texture discrimination, and probably like that of other vertebrates, this method is based on localized analysis of orientation and frequency components of the patterns composing visual textures. As examples of the metric's utility, we present analyses of crypsis for tigers, zebras, and peppered moth morphs. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville |
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0025-5564 |
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Notes |
PMID:7696817 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2660 |
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Author |
Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Kirkpatrick, J.F. |
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Title |
Remotely delivered immunocontraception in free-roaming feral burros (Equus asinus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Journal of reproduction and fertility |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Reprod Fertil |
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Volume |
107 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
31-35 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Animals, Wild; Contraception, Immunologic/methods/*veterinary; *Equidae; Feces/chemistry; Female; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Tests; Swine; Zona Pellucida/immunology |
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Regulation of local overpopulations of free-roaming feral equids is in demand worldwide for ecological balance and habitat preservation. Contraceptive vaccines have proven effective in feral horses, which breed seasonally, but no data are available for equids such as the burro, which is reproductively active all year round. In the present study, 27 individually identified female feral burros (Equus asinus) roaming free in Virgin Islands National Park (St John, US Virgin Islands; Lesser Antilles) were remotely treated with pig zonae pellucidae (PZP) vaccine. Between January and May, 16 burros were darted with a 1 ml emulsion of PZP plus Freund's adjuvant. Ten to twelve months later each treated burro was given a single booster injection of PZP plus adjuvant to maintain contraception through a second year. Eleven adult untreated jennies served as controls. Beginning one year after initial vaccination, these burros were monitored for pregnancy and foal production. Collection of data to determine treatment effect was not begun until 12 months after initial treatment to ensure that pregnancies existing before vaccination were not included. Pregnancy was assessed using previously validated methods for steroid metabolite measurement in fresh faecal samples. None of the PZP-treated burros produced foals between 0 and 12 months after the last inoculation. One PZP-treated burro tested positive for pregnancy at 10 months after the final inoculation. During this same period, six of 11 untreated burros tested pregnancy-positive, and four were observed with foals. There was no difference in pregnancy rates among treated, control and randomly sampled jennies between 12 and 24 months after the last inoculation. The results demonstrate that, in free-roaming feral burros that are reproductively active all year round: (1) burros can be accessed for remotely delivered PZP vaccination; (2) PZP contraception is effective; (3) PZP contraception is reversible; and (4) pregnancy can be reliably detected by faecal steroid analysis. |
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Department of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699, USA |
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0022-4251 |
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Notes |
PMID:8699431 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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144 |
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Author |
Kirkpatrick, J.F.; Turner, J.W.J.; Liu, I.K.; Fayrer-Hosken, R.; Rutberg, A.T. |
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Title |
Case studies in wildlife immunocontraception: wild and feral equids and white-tailed deer |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
Publication |
Reproduction, fertility, and development |
Abbreviated Journal |
Reprod Fertil Dev |
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9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
105-110 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Antigens/immunology; Contraception, Immunologic/*veterinary; *Deer; *Equidae; Female; Immunization, Secondary; Pest Control/*methods; Pregnancy; Swine; Vaccines/administration & dosage; Zona Pellucida/immunology |
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Non-lethal management methods are required for wild equids that are protected by law and for deer inhabiting areas where lethal controls are not legal or safe. Single or multiple inoculations of porcine zona pellucida (PZP) vaccine have been delivered to wild horses and deer by means of darts. Contraceptive efficacy in horses after two inoculations ranged from 90% to 100%, and after a single inoculation ranged from 19% to 28%. Mares given a controlled-release form of the vaccine had foaling rates ranging from 7% to 20%. No detectable changes in social organization or behaviours among treated horses occurred. Contraceptive effects were reversible after 4 consecutive years of treatment but 5-7 years of treatment resulted in ovulation failure and decreased urinary oestrogen concentrations. Among deer, two inoculations were 70-100% effective in preventing fawns, but one inoculation yielded a contraceptive efficacy of < or = 20%, with pregnancies occurring late in the breeding season; a single annual booster inoculation reduced fertility to 20% in the second year. Energy costs of extended breeding seasons were less than those resulting from pregnancy. After two years of treatment, ovaries appeared normal. These studies suggest that PZP immunocontraception can be successfully applied to certain free-roaming populations of wild horses and deer. |
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ZooMontana, Billings 59108, USA |
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1031-3613 |
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PMID:9109199 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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143 |
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Blunden, A.S.; Smith, K.C.; Whitwell, K.E.; Dunn, K.A. |
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Systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a Grevy's zebra stallion (Equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Pathology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Pathol |
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119 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
485-493 |
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Animals; Animals, Zoo; Epididymis/pathology/virology; Equidae/*virology; Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/pathology/*veterinary; Herpesvirus 1, Equid/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity; Lymph Nodes/pathology/virology; Male; Nasal Mucosa/pathology/virology; Pulmonary Edema/pathology; Spleen/virology; Testis/*pathology/virology |
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A severe multi-systemic form of equid herpesvirus-1 infection is described in an adult zebra stallion. There was multifocal necrotizing rhinitis, marked hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, with viral antigen expression in degenerating epithelial cells, local endothelial cells and intravascular leucocytes of the nasal mucosa and lung. Specific localization of EHV-1 infection was seen in the testes and epididymides, including infection of Leydig cells and germinal epithelium, which would have facilitated venereal shedding of virus in life. The case provided a unique opportunity to study hitherto undescribed aspects of the pathogenesis of naturally occurring EHV-1 infection in the male equine genital tract. Restriction digests of the isolate demonstrated a pattern similar to that of EHV-1 isolates previously recovered from aborted zebra and onager fetuses. |
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Animal Health Trust Centre for Preventive Medicine, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK |
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0021-9975 |
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PMID:9839210 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2239 |
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Author |
Moehlman, P.D. |
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Title |
Behavioral patterns and communication in feral asses (Equus africanus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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60 |
Issue |
2-3 |
Pages |
125-169 |
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Equids; Feral asses; Behavior patterns; Facial expressions; Postures; Locomotion |
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The behavior of feral populations of the African wild ass (Equus africanus) were studied in the Northern Panamint Range of Death Valley National Monument for 20 months from 1970 to 1973 [Moehlman, P.D., 1974. Behavior and ecology of feral asses (Equus asinus). PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 251 pp.; Moehlman, P.D., 1979. Behavior and ecology of feral asses (Equus asinus). Natl. Geogr. Soc. Res. Reports, 1970: 405-411]. Maintenance behavior is described and behavior sequences that were used in social interactions are quantified by sex and age class. Agonistic, sexual, and greeting behavior patterns are described and analyzed in conjunction with the responses they elicited. Mutual grooming mainly occurred between adult males, and between females and their offspring. Five types of vocalizations were distinguished: brays, grunts, growls, snorts, and whuffles. A second population was studied for 1 month on Ossabaw Island, GA (Moehlman, 1979). This population had more permanent social groups and had a higher rate of mutual grooming and foal social play. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2381 |
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Author |
Moehlman, P.D. |
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Title |
Feral asses (Equus africanus): intraspecific variation in social organization in arid and mesic habitats |
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Journal Article |
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1998 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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60 |
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2-3 |
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171-195 |
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Equids; Feral asses; Social organization; Mating systems; Intraspecific variation |
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Feral asses have been studied in the arid habitats of the southwestern United States [Moehlman, P.D., 1974. Behavior and ecology of feral asses (Equus asinus). PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 251 pp.; Moehlman, P.D., 1979. Behavior and ecology of feral asses (Equus asinus). Nat. Geogr. Soc. Res. Reports 1970, 405-411.; Woodward, S.L., 1979. The social system of feral asses (Equus asinus). Z. Tierpsychol. 49, 304-316] and in the mesic habitat of Ossabaw Island, Georgia [Moehlman, P.D., 1979, ibid; McCort, W.D., 1980. The feral asses (Equus asinus) of Ossabaw Island, Georgia. PhD dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 219 pp]. The feral ass populations in these two locales exhibited intraspecific variation in polygynous mating systems and social organization which were consistent with the ecological classification of mating systems of Emlen and Oring (1977) [Emlen, S.T., Oring, S.W., 1977. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197 (4300), 215-223]. Feral asses in the arid environment have a `resource defense' polygynous mating system, and those in the mesic habitat exhibit `female (harem) defense' polygyny. The intraspecific variation observed in feral asses encompasses the interspecific variation observed in the family Equidae. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2382 |
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